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Quinol-based cyclic antioxidant mechanism in estrogen neuroprotection.

ABSTRACT: Substantial evidence now exists that intrinsic free-radical scavenging contributes to the receptor-independent neuroprotective effects of estrogens. This activity is inherently associated with the presence of a phenolic A-ring in the steroid. We report a previously unrecognized antioxidant cycle that maintains the "chemical shield" raised by estrogens against the most harmful reactive oxygen species, the hydroxyl radical (*OH) produced by the Fenton reaction. In this cycle, the capture of *OH was shown to produce a nonphenolic quinol with no affinity to the estrogen receptors. This quinol is then rapidly converted back to the parent estrogen via an enzyme-catalyzed reduction by using NAD(P)H as a coenzyme (reductant) and, unlike redox cycling of catechol estrogens, without the production of reactive oxygen species. Due to this process, protection of neuronal cells against oxidative stress is also possible by quinols that essentially act as prodrugs for the active hormone. We have shown that the quinol obtained from a 17beta-estradiol derivative was, indeed, able to attenuate glutamate-induced oxidative stress in cultured hippocampus-derived HT-22 cells. Estrone quinol was also equipotent with its parent estrogen in reducing lesion volume in ovariectomized rats after transient middle carotid artery occlusion followed by a 24-h reperfusion. These findings may establish the foundation for a rational design of neuroprotective antioxidants focusing on steroidal quinols as unique molecular leads.

SUBMITTER: Prokai L

PROVIDER: S-EPMC208828 | biostudies-literature | 2003 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Quinol-based cyclic antioxidant mechanism in estrogen neuroprotection.

Prokai Laszlo L Prokai-Tatrai Katalin K Perjesi Pal P Zharikova Alevtina D AD Perez Evelyn J EJ Liu Ran R Simpkins James W JW

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 20030922 20

Substantial evidence now exists that intrinsic free-radical scavenging contributes to the receptor-independent neuroprotective effects of estrogens. This activity is inherently associated with the presence of a phenolic A-ring in the steroid. We report a previously unrecognized antioxidant cycle that maintains the "chemical shield" raised by estrogens against the most harmful reactive oxygen species, the hydroxyl radical (*OH) produced by the Fenton reaction. In this cycle, the capture of *OH wa ...[more]

PMID: 14504383

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Project description:BACKGROUND:This study aimed to explore the molecular mechanism of estrogen-mediated neuroprotection in the relief of cerebral ischemic injury. The gene expression profiles were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus database, and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using limma package in R software. Further, DEGs were subjected to Gene Ontology (GO) cluster analysis using online Gene Ontology Enrichment Analysis Software Toolkit and to GO functional enrichment analysis using DAVID software. Using the Gene Set Analysis Toolkit V2, enrichment analysis of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways was performed. In addition, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using STRING database, and submodule analysis of PPI network. Lastly, the significant potential target sites of microRNAs (miRNAs) were predicted using Molecular Signatures Database, and the function analysis of targets of predicted miRNA was also performed using DAVID software. RESULTS:In total, 321 DEGs were screened in the estrogen-treated sample. The DEGs were mainly associated with intracellular signaling and metabolic pathways, such as calcium channel, calcineurin complex, insulin secretion, low-density lipoprotein reconstruction, and starch or sugar metabolism. In addition, GO enrichment analysis indicated an altered expression of the genes related to starch and sucrose metabolism, retinol metabolism, anti-apoptosis (eg., BDNF and ADAM17) and response to endogenous stimulus. The constructed PPI network comprised of 243 nodes and 590 interaction pairs, and four submodules were obtained from PPI network. Among the module d, four glutamate receptors as Gria4, Gria3, Grin3a and Grik4 were highlighted. Further, 5 novel potential regulatory miRNAs were also predicted. MIR-338 and MIR520D were closely associated with cell cycle, while the targets of MIR-376A and MIR-376B were only involved in cell soma. CONCLUSIONS:The DEGs in estrogen-treated samples are closely associated with calcium channel, glutamate induced excitotoxicity and anti-apoptotic activity. In addition, some functionally significant DEGs such as BDNF, ADAM17, Gria4, Gria3, Grin3a, Grik4, Gys2 and Ugtla2, and new miRNAs like MIR-338 and MIR-376A were identified, which may serve as potential therapeutic targets for the effective treatment of cerebral ischemic injury.

Dataset Information

Quinol-based cyclic antioxidant mechanism in estrogen neuroprotection.

Publications

Quinol-based cyclic antioxidant mechanism in estrogen neuroprotection.

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