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A systematic study of nitrated indenoisoquinolines reveals a potent topoisomerase I inhibitor.

ABSTRACT: The biological activity of indenoisoquinoline topoisomerase I inhibitors is significantly enhanced by nitration of the isoquinoline ring. In the present study, nitrated analogues were synthesized with the indenone ring substituted with methoxy groups to further explore a previously identified structure-activity relationship between the nitrated isoquinoline ring and a methylenedioxy-substituted indenone ring. The results indicate that a single methoxy group at the 9-position of an indenoisoquinoline affords superior biological activity. Hypothetical binding models have been developed to rationalize these results, and they indicate that pi-stacking between the indenoisoquinolines and the DNA base pairs, as visualized by electrostatic complementarity, is important for the intercalation and biological activity of the indenoisoquinoline analogues. Collectively, the analysis of methoxy groups on the indenone ring also illustrates a strict steric requirement for substituents extending toward the nonscissile DNA backbone and emphasizes a need for planarity to afford potent biological activity.

SUBMITTER: Morrell A

PROVIDER: S-EPMC2526352 | biostudies-literature | 2006 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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A systematic study of nitrated indenoisoquinolines reveals a potent topoisomerase I inhibitor.

Morrell Andrew A Antony Smitha S Kohlhagen Glenda G Pommier Yves Y Cushman Mark M

Journal of medicinal chemistry 20061201 26

The biological activity of indenoisoquinoline topoisomerase I inhibitors is significantly enhanced by nitration of the isoquinoline ring. In the present study, nitrated analogues were synthesized with the indenone ring substituted with methoxy groups to further explore a previously identified structure-activity relationship between the nitrated isoquinoline ring and a methylenedioxy-substituted indenone ring. The results indicate that a single methoxy group at the 9-position of an indenoisoquino ...[more]

PMID: 17181156

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Project description:A network of transcription factors (TFs) determines cell identity, but identity can be altered by overexpressing a combination of TFs. In principle, this opens the possibility of achieving one of the goals of regenerative medicine generating the desired differentiated cells from pluripotent stem cells, such as embryonic stem (ES) cells and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. However, choosing and verifying combinations of TFs for specific cell differentiation has been daunting due to a large number of possible combinations of ~2,000 TFs. Here we report an unbiased systematic approach identifying individual TFs that can direct efficient and rapid specific lineage differentiation. We start from a correlation matrix of global gene expression responses to the induction of single TFs and global gene expression profiles of a variety of tissues and organs. Based on the correlation matrix, we select TFs as examples and show that their overexpression differentiates ES cells into cells of specific organs, as predicted: Sfpi1 for blood cells, Hnf4a or Foxa1 for hepatocytes, and Ascl1 for neurons. Furthermore, we show that transfection of synthetic mRNAs of Sfpi1, Hnf4a, or Ascl1 generate correspondingly specific target cells. These results demonstrate both the wide-ranging utility of this approach to identify potent TFs for cell differentiation, and also the unanticipated capacity of single TFs to directly guide differentiation to specific lineage fates. Previously, we generated the global gene expression profiles obtained by overexpressing single TFs using the NIA mouse ES cell bank, which consists of 137 mouse ES cell lines carrying a doxycycline-regulatable TF. We then generated the correlation matrix by comparing TF-induced gene expression profiles and the expression profiles of a variety of cell types. TFs predicted by the correlation matrix for specific cell differentiation were selected and subjected to the detailed differentiation assays. ES cell lines were cultured in the GMEM with 1% FBS, 10% knockout serum (invitrogen), and LIF (Millipore). To induce differentiation, ES cell lines were cultured in the differentiation medium (DM) [(alpha minimal essential medium, aMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum and 5 × 10–5 M 2-mercaptoethanol] with or without doxycycline (1 g/ml). The following organ-specific cell culture media were also used: StemPro-34 Serum Free Media (invitrogen) for blood cells, Hepatocyte culture media kit (BD Biosciences) for hepatocytes, and NeuroCult differentiation kit (StemCell Technologies Inc) for neurons.

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A systematic study of nitrated indenoisoquinolines reveals a potent topoisomerase I inhibitor.

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A systematic study of nitrated indenoisoquinolines reveals a potent topoisomerase I inhibitor.

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