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Evidence of simian virus 40 exposure in a colony of captive baboons.

ABSTRACT: Simian virus 40 (SV40) is a polyomavirus for which non-human primates are the permissive host. The baboon (Papio spp.) is an old world monkey that is used in a variety of research investigations; however, natural infection of SV40 among baboons has not been thoroughly examined or reported. Initially, we were interested in determining the prevalence of SV40 infection among a captive colony of baboons based on the presence of antibodies to SV40 large T-antigen (Tag). An overall seroprevalence rate of >50% was found after screening sera from 142 baboons in the colony based on ELISA. Endpoint titer values for serum antibody binding to SV40 Tag reached as high as 1280 for 5 out of 142 baboons. Peptide binding assays revealed that a range of SV40 Tag epitopes are immunogenic in the baboon, and that individual animals differ in their humoral immune responses to SV40 Tag based on epitope recognition. Specificity to SV40 Tag and not some other primate polyomavirus encoded large Tag was further examined by serologic reactivity to peptide epitopes unique to SV40 Tag. Additional serology was performed to assess SV40 Tag reactivity by Western blot and whether antibodies were capable of neutralizing SV40 infectivity in vitro. Although antibodies with high levels of SV40 neutralization were observed in a number of the baboons, there was a lack of correlation between viral neutralization and antibodies to SV40 Tag. Further examination using molecular-based diagnosis and SV40 Tag specific real-time quantitative PCR determined that some of the baboons appeared to be exposed to SV40. DNA sequence analysis of the PCR products confirmed that SV40 Tag specific sequences were detected in baboons.

SUBMITTER: Westfall LW

PROVIDER: S-EPMC2527742 | biostudies-literature | 2008 Jul

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Evidence of simian virus 40 exposure in a colony of captive baboons.

Westfall Landon W LW Shearer Michael H MH Jumper Cynthia A CA White Gary L GL Papin James F JF Eberle Richard R Butel Janet S JS Bright Robert K RK Kennedy Ronald C RC

Virology 20080516 1

Simian virus 40 (SV40) is a polyomavirus for which non-human primates are the permissive host. The baboon (Papio spp.) is an old world monkey that is used in a variety of research investigations; however, natural infection of SV40 among baboons has not been thoroughly examined or reported. Initially, we were interested in determining the prevalence of SV40 infection among a captive colony of baboons based on the presence of antibodies to SV40 large T-antigen (Tag). An overall seroprevalence rate ...[more]

PMID: 18485439

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Project description:UNLABELLED:Since the 1960s, simian hemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV; Nidovirales, Arteriviridae) has caused highly fatal outbreaks of viral hemorrhagic fever in captive Asian macaque colonies. However, the source(s) of these outbreaks and the natural reservoir(s) of this virus remain obscure. Here we report the identification of two novel, highly divergent simian arteriviruses related to SHFV, Mikumi yellow baboon virus 1 (MYBV-1) and Southwest baboon virus 1 (SWBV-1), in wild and captive baboons, respectively, and demonstrate the recent transmission of SWBV-1 among captive baboons. These findings extend our knowledge of the genetic and geographic diversity of the simian arteriviruses, identify baboons as a natural host of these viruses, and provide further evidence that baboons may have played a role in previous outbreaks of simian hemorrhagic fever in macaques, as has long been suspected. This knowledge should aid in the prevention of disease outbreaks in captive macaques and supports the growing body of evidence that suggests that simian arterivirus infections are common in Old World monkeys of many different species throughout Africa. IMPORTANCE:Historically, the emergence of primate viruses both in humans and in other primate species has caused devastating outbreaks of disease. One strategy for preventing the emergence of novel primate pathogens is to identify microbes with the potential for cross-species transmission in their natural state within reservoir species from which they might emerge. Here, we detail the discovery and characterization of two related simian members of the Arteriviridae family that have a history of disease emergence and host switching. Our results expand the phylogenetic and geographic range of the simian arteriviruses and define baboons as a natural host for these viruses. Our findings also identify a potential threat to captive macaque colonies by showing that simian arteriviruses are actively circulating in captive baboons.

Project description:BackgroundThe hamadryas baboon (Papio hamadryas) is a highly social primate that lives in complex multilevel societies exhibiting a wide range of group behaviors akin to humans. In contrast to the widely studied human microbiome, there is a paucity of information on the host-associated microbiomes of nonhuman primates (NHPs). Here, our goal was to understand the microbial composition throughout different body sites of cohabiting baboons.ResultsWe analyzed 170 oral, oropharyngeal, cervical, uterine, vaginal, nasal and rectal samples from 16 hamadryas baboons via 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Additionally, raw Miseq sequencing data from 1041 comparable publicly available samples from the human oral cavity, gut and vagina were reanalyzed using the same pipeline. We compared the baboon and human microbiome of the oral cavity, gut and vagina, showing that the baboon microbiome is distinct from the human. Baboon cohabitants share similar microbial profiles in their cervix, uterus, vagina, and gut. The oral cavity, gut and vagina shared more bacterial amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) in group living baboons than in humans. The shared ASVs had significantly positive correlations between most body sites, suggesting a potential bacterial exchange throughout the body. No significant differences in gut microbiome composition were detected within the maternity line and between maternity lines, suggesting that the offspring gut microbiota is shaped primarily through bacterial exchange among cohabitants. Finally, Lactobacillus was not so predominant in baboon vagina as in the human vagina but was the most abundant genus in the baboon gut.ConclusionsThis study is the first to provide comprehensive analyses of the baboon microbiota across different body sites. We contrast this to human body sites and find substantially different microbiomes. This group of cohabitating baboons generally showed higher microbial diversity and remarkable similarities between body sites than were observed in humans. These data and findings from one group of baboons can form the basis of future microbiome studies in baboons and be used as a reference in research where the microbiome is expected to impact human modeling with baboons.

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Evidence of simian virus 40 exposure in a colony of captive baboons.

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Evidence of simian virus 40 exposure in a colony of captive baboons.

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