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Built-in loops allow versatility in domain-domain interactions: lessons from self-interacting domains.

ABSTRACT: Compilations of domain-domain interactions based on solved structures suggest there are distinct domain pairs that are used repeatedly in different protein contexts to mediate protein-protein interactions. However, not all protein pairs with the corresponding domains that can potentially mediate interaction do interact, even when they are colocalized and coexpressed. It is conceivable that there are structural and sequence features, below the domain level, that play a role in determining the potential of domains to mediate protein-protein interactions. Here, we discover such features by comparing domains that, on the one hand, mediate homodimerization of proteins and, on the other, occur in different proteins that are documented as monomers. Intriguingly, this comparison uncovered surface loops that can be considered as determinants of the interactions. There are enabling loops, which mediate the domain interactions, and disabling loops that prevent the interactions. The presence of the enabling/disabling loops is consistent with the fulfillment/prevention of the interaction and is highly preserved in evolution. This suggests that, along with the preservation of structural elements that enable interaction, evolution maintains elements intended to prevent unwanted interactions. The enabling and disabling loops discovered in this study have implications in prediction of protein-protein interactions, by pointing to the protein regions that determine the interaction. Our results extend the hierarchy of attributes that collectively establish the modularity of domain-mediated protein-protein interactions.

SUBMITTER: Akiva E

PROVIDER: S-EPMC2533183 | biostudies-literature | 2008 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Built-in loops allow versatility in domain-domain interactions: lessons from self-interacting domains.

Akiva Eyal E Itzhaki Zohar Z Margalit Hanah H

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 20080829 36

Compilations of domain-domain interactions based on solved structures suggest there are distinct domain pairs that are used repeatedly in different protein contexts to mediate protein-protein interactions. However, not all protein pairs with the corresponding domains that can potentially mediate interaction do interact, even when they are colocalized and coexpressed. It is conceivable that there are structural and sequence features, below the domain level, that play a role in determining the pot ...[more]

PMID: 18757736

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Project description:A variety of self-interacting domains, defined at different levels of resolution, have been described in mammalian genomes. These include Chromatin Compartments (A and B), Topologically Associated Domains (TADs), contact domains, sub-TADs, insulated neighborhoods and frequently interacting regions (FIREs). Whereas many studies have found the organisation of self-interacting domains to be conserved across cell types, some do form in a lineage-specific manner. However, it is not clear to what degree such tissue-specific structures result from processes related to gene activity such as enhancer-promoter interactions or whether they form earlier during lineage commitment and are therefore likely to be prerequisite for promoting gene expression. To examine these models of genome organisation in detail, we used a combination of high-resolution chromosome conformation capture, a newly-developed form of quantitative fluorescence in-situ hybridisation and super-resolution imaging to study a 70 kb self-interacting domain containing the mouse alpha-globin locus. To understand how this self-interacting domain is established, we studied this structure when the genes are inactive and during erythroid differentiation when the genes are progressively switched on. In contrast to many current models of long-range gene regulation, we show that an erythroid-specific, decompacted self-interacting domain, delimited by convergent CTCF/cohesin binding sites, forms prior to the onset of robust gene expression. Using previously established mouse models we also show that formation of the self-interacting domain does not rely on interactions between the alpha-globin genes and their enhancers or on tissue-specific changes in CTCF binding. Rather, formation of the domain simply depends on the presence of activated lineage-specific cis-elements driving a transcription-independent mechanism for opening chromatin throughout the 70 kb region to create a permissive environment for gene expression. These findings are consistent with a model of loop-extrusion in which all segments of chromatin within a region delimited by CTCF boundary elements contact each other. Our findings suggest that activation of tissue-specific element(s) within such a self-interacting region is sufficient to influence all chromatin within such a domain.

Dataset Information

Built-in loops allow versatility in domain-domain interactions: lessons from self-interacting domains.

Publications

Built-in loops allow versatility in domain-domain interactions: lessons from self-interacting domains.

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