Ciprofloxacin-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium, China.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Cui S
PROVIDER: S-EPMC2570801 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (hereafter S. Typhi) is an important public health problem in India. There has been an increase in the number of reported clinical failures to ciprofloxacin treatment but the data on possible mechanism of failure are limited. One mechanism that has been widely reported and found associated with ciprofloxacin resistance, is the mutations in target genes in QRDR (quinolone resistance determining region). It is hypothesized that mutations in DNA gyrase or topoisomerase IV result in therapeutic failure under selective pressure of antibiotic while the patient is on treatment. We undertook in vitro sequential selection studies to expose the clinical isolates of S. Typhi to different concentration of ciprofloxacin to study the role of antibiotic selective pressure in the development of mutations in QRDR. METHODS: Total 26 clinical isolates were divided in to two parts: part I included six isolates obtained from three patients with relapse of enteric fever and part II included 20 isolates with different ciprofloxacin MIC levels. For in vitro induction of mutation experiment, five S. Typhi isolates were selected which included three NAS (nalidixic acid sensitive) and 2 NAR (nalidixic acid resistant) S. Typhi. These isolates were grown under increasing concentrations of ciprofloxacin and mutations acquired in QRDR of DNA gyrase (gyrA and gyrB) and topoisomerase IV (parC and parE) were investigated by sequencing. RESULTS: For the isolates included in the part I of the study, it was found that the MIC to ciprofloxacin increased in the isolates obtained during the relapse of enteric fever as compare to the first isolate. All isolates had single mutation in gyrA gene at S83 without additional mutation in the second isolate. In the second part of the study, the nine isolates with varying MICs to ciprofloxacin also had single mutation in gyrA gene at S83 and another six had triple mutations, two mutations in gyrA gene (at S83 and D87) and one mutation in parC gene (at S80). In in vitro induction of mutation experiment, all mutated isolates showed triple mutation (two mutation in gyrA and one in parC gene) while no mutations were found in wild isolates. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS: Upon exposure to the step-wise increased concentration of ciprofloxacin, isolates become more tolerant to the ciprofloxacin and showed 2-4 fold higher MICs without new mutation after 8 ?g/ml. So the accumulation of mutations under continuous ciprofloxacin pressure and tolerance of the mutant isolates led to the clinical failure. These results also suggested that there could be another mechanism responsible for resistance.
| S-EPMC4140040 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium is a major global food-borne pathogen and causes life-threatening infections. Although the resistance mechanisms to fluoroquinolones in S. Typhimurium had been well-defined, tolerance to fluoroquinolones and the associated mechanism for this are obscure. In the current work, we investigated an oqxAB-positive plasmid pHXY0908 and analyzed its role in S. Typhimurium tolerance to ciprofloxacin using time-kill, transcriptome sequencing and real-time PCR. S. Typhimurium ATCC14028 could survive under lethal concentrations of ciprofloxacin after acquiring plasmid pHXY0908. Transcriptome sequence analysis showed the chromosomal genes were systematically regulated after acquiring this plasmid suggesting an interaction between chromosome and plasmid. Additionally, the chromosomal efflux pump genes acrB, acrA, tolC, and yceE were up-regulated after acquiring plasmid pHXY0908 suggesting that these efflux pumps may contribute to the survival of ATCC14028 exposed to the lethal concentrations of ciprofloxacin. In conclusion, this is the first known report demonstrating that an IncHI2 type plasmid harboring oqxAB could assist S. Typhimurium survival under lethal concentrations of ciprofloxacin.
| S-EPMC6617520 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND:Fluoroquinolone resistance and ESBL-production are concurrently found in a limited number of Salmonella serotypes. The present study was aimed to characterize fluoroquinolone-resistant and ESBL-producing Salmonella enteric serotype Derby (S. Derby) isolates in terms of antimicrobial susceptibility, relevant genetic mechanisms, and PFGE. RESULTS:From 2013 to 2017 in Ningbo China, 52 S. Derby isolates were identified out of 826 non-typhoidal Salmonella isolates from patient feces, food, and environmental water samples. Three S. derby isolates were identified to be fluoroquinolone-resistant and ESBL-producing with cefotaxime MIC of 64 μg/mL and ciprofloxacin MIC of 4 μg/mL. The three isolates contained the same genetic structure of quinolone resistance, including a silent gyrA mutation S (TCC) 83S (TCT) and three PMQR genes qnrB, qnrS and aac(6')-Ib-cr. As withβ-lactams resistance mechanisms, two isolates contained blaTEM, blaOXA, and blaCTX-M genes and one isolate contained blaOXA and blaCTX-M genes. Additionally, two isolates displayed more identical PFGE pattern than the third isolate, whereas three isolates showed the same plasmid profile of I1, W and P by PCR-based replicon typing. The conjugation experiment showed no dissemination of β-lactam resistance by direct contact among isolates; the transformation experiment failed to transfer plasmid conferring ampicillin resistance to E. coli DH5a. CONCLUSION:The present study demonstrates the emerging fluoroquinolone-resistant and ESBL-producing S. Derby in both humans and the environment. Seeing that S. Derby has become one of the most common Salmonella serotypes, this situation gives rise to a new major risk of food-borne diseases.
| S-EPMC6423743 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella enterica serotype Newport strain that produces CMY-2 beta-lactamase (Newport MDR-AmpC) was the source of sporadic cases and outbreaks in humans in France during 2000-2005. Because this strain was not detected in food animals, it was most likely introduced into France through imported food products.
| S-EPMC2600296 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Overexpression of ramA has been implicated in resistance to multiple drugs in several enterobacterial pathogens. In the present study, Salmonella Typhimurium strain LTL with constitutive expression of ramA was compared to its ramA-deletion mutant by employing both DNA microarrays and phenotype microarrays (PM). The mutant strain with the disruption of ramA showed differential expression of at least 33 genes involved in 11 functional groups. The study confirmed at the transcriptional level that the constitutive expression of ramA was directly associated with increased expression of multidrug efflux pump AcrAB-TolC and decreased expression of porin protein OmpF, thereby conferring multiple drug resistance phenotype. Compared to the parent strain constitutively expressing ramA, the ramA mutant had increased susceptibility to over 70 antimicrobials and toxic compounds. The PM analysis also uncovered that the ramA mutant was better in utilization of 10 carbon sources and 5 phosphorus sources. This study suggested that the constitutive expression of ramA locus regulate not only multidrug efflux pump and accessory genes but also genes involved in carbon metabolic pathways.
| S-EPMC3139621 | biostudies-literature
Project description:As more whole-genome sequences become available, there is an increasing demand for high-throughput methods that link genes to phenotypes, facilitating discovery of new gene functions. In this study, we describe a new version of the Tn-seq method involving a modified EZ:Tn5 transposon for genome-wide and quantitative mapping of all insertions in a complex mutant library utilizing massively parallel Illumina sequencing. This Tn-seq method was applied to a genome-saturating Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium mutant library recovered from selection under 3 different in vitro growth conditions (diluted Luria-Bertani [LB] medium, LB medium plus bile acid, and LB medium at 42°C), mimicking some aspects of host stressors. We identified an overlapping set of 105 protein-coding genes in S. Typhimurium that are conditionally essential under at least one of the above selective conditions. Competition assays using 4 deletion mutants (pyrD, glnL, recD, and STM14_5307) confirmed the phenotypes predicted by Tn-seq data, validating the utility of this approach in discovering new gene functions. With continuously increasing sequencing capacity of next generation sequencing technologies, this robust Tn-seq method will aid in revealing unexplored genetic determinants and the underlying mechanisms of various biological processes in Salmonella and the other approximately 70 bacterial species for which EZ:Tn5 mutagenesis has been established.
| S-EPMC3346488 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Isolates of the Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium definitive phage type (DT104) were found to contain the same prophage (designated phage ST104). The complete sequence of the DNA genome of prophage ST104 was determined. The entire DNA sequence consisted of 41,391 bp, including 64 open reading frames, and exhibited high similarity to P22 and to phage type conversion phage ST64T.
| S-EPMC387611 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Regulation of flagellum biosynthesis is a hierarchical process that is tightly controlled to allow for efficient tuning of flagellar expression. Flagellum-mediated motility directs Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium toward the epithelial surface to enhance gut colonization, but flagella are potent activators of innate immune signaling, so fine-tuning flagellar expression is necessary for immune avoidance. In this work, we evaluate the role of the LysR transcriptional regulator YeiE in regulating flagellum-mediated motility. We show that yeiE is necessary and sufficient for swimming motility. A ΔyeiE mutant is defective for gut colonization in both the calf ligated ileal loop model and the murine colitis model due to its lack of motility. Expression of flagellar class 2 and 3 but not class 1 genes is reduced in the ΔyeiE mutant. We linked the motility dysregulation of the ΔyeiE mutant to repression of the anti-FlhD4C2 factor STM1697. Together, our results indicate that YeiE promotes virulence by enhancing cell motility, thereby providing a new regulatory control point for flagellar expression in Salmonella Typhimurium. IMPORTANCE The ability to finely tune virulence factor gene expression is required for bacterial pathogens to successfully colonize a host. Flagellum-mediated motility is critical for many gut pathogens to establish productive infections. However, flagella activate the immune system, leading to bacterial clearance; therefore, tight control of flagellar gene expression enhances bacterial fitness in the host. Here, we demonstrate that the transcriptional regulator YeiE acts as a control point for flagellar gene expression and is required for Salmonella Typhimurium to establish a productive infection in mammals. The expression of an inhibitor of flagellar biogenesis is repressed in the absence of yeiE. Our work adds a new layer to the tightly controlled cascade regulating control of flagellar gene expression to facilitate the fitness of an enteric pathogen.
| S-EPMC8262846 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Adhesins are crucial virulence factors of pathogenic bacteria involved in colonization, transmission and pathogenesis. Many bacterial genomes contain the information for a surprisingly large number of diverse adhesive structures. One prominent example is the invasive and facultative intracellular pathogen Salmonella enterica with an adhesiome of up to 20 adhesins. Such large repertoire of adhesins contributes to colonization of a broad range of host species and may allow adaptation to various environments within the host, as well as in non-host environments. For S. enterica, only few members of the adhesiome are functionally expressed under laboratory conditions, and accordingly the structural and functional understanding of the majority of adhesins is sparse. We have devised a simple and versatile approach to functionally express all adhesins of S. enterica serotype Typhimurium, either within Salmonella or within heterologous hosts such as Escherichia coli. We demonstrate the surface expression of various so far cryptic adhesins and show ultrastructural features using atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. In summary, we report for the first time the expression of the entire adhesiome of S. enterica serotype Typhimurium.
| S-EPMC5583245 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundThe emergence of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) strains of the important human and animal pathogen Salmonella enterica poses a growing threat to public health. Here, we studied the genome-wide evolution of 90 S. enterica AMR isolates, representing one host adapted serotype (S. Dublin) and two broad host range serotypes (S. Newport and S. Typhimurium).ResultsAMR S. Typhimurium had a large effective population size, a large and diverse genome, AMR profiles with high diversity, and frequent positive selection and homologous recombination. AMR S. Newport showed a relatively low level of diversity and a relatively clonal population structure. AMR S. Dublin showed evidence for a recent population bottleneck, and the genomes were characterized by a larger number of genes and gene ontology terms specifically absent from this serotype and a significantly higher number of pseudogenes as compared to other two serotypes. Approximately 50% of accessory genes, including specific AMR and putative prophage genes, were significantly over- or under-represented in a given serotype. Approximately 65% of the core genes showed phylogenetic clustering by serotype, including the AMR gene aac (6')-Iaa. While cell surface proteins were shown to be the main target of positive selection, some proteins with possible functions in AMR and virulence also showed evidence for positive selection. Homologous recombination mainly acted on prophage-associated proteins.ConclusionsOur data indicates a strong association between genome content of S. enterica and serotype. Evolutionary patterns observed in S. Typhimurium are consistent with multiple emergence events of AMR strains and/or ecological success of this serotype in different hosts or habitats. Evolutionary patterns of S. Newport suggested that antimicrobial resistance emerged in one single lineage, Lineage IIC. A recent population bottleneck and genome decay observed in AMR S. Dublin are congruent with its narrow host range. Finally, our results suggest the potentially important role of positive selection in the evolution of antimicrobial resistance, host adaptation and serotype diversification in S. enterica.
| S-EPMC6588947 | biostudies-literature