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Gene expression profiling reveals a diverse array of pathways inhibited by nuclear receptor SHP during adipogenesis.

ABSTRACT: Orphan receptor small heterodimer partner (SHP, NROB2) has been shown to be a metabolic regulator in pathways associated with several major aspects of the metabolic syndrome. However, the significance and transcriptional regulatory role of SHP in adipocyte differentiation remain unclear. Transcriptional profiles of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and early differentiating preadipocytes in response to SHP were systemically surveyed using Affymetrix Genome Array representing well-characterized 14,000 genes. Analysis revealed about 963 genes that were up- or down-regulated by more than 2-fold during differentiation and/or by the overexpression of SHP. These genes were organized into 4 clusters that demonstrated concerted changes in expression of genes controlling various aspects of the cellular events and metabolism. Quantitative PCR was employed to further characterize gene expression and led to the identification of several key regulators and stimulators of the adipogenic program as potential new SHP targets. Overexpression of SHP inhibited the differentiation process as well as the accumulation of neutral lipids within the cells. Our data suggests that SHP may function as a molecular switch that governs adipogenesis and a potent adipogenic suppressor that maintains preadipocytes in an undifferentiated state through inhibition of the adipogenic transcription factors and stimulators. Developing SHP agonist may promise a future treatment for obesity.

SUBMITTER: Song G

PROVIDER: S-EPMC2600469 | biostudies-literature | 2009

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Gene expression profiling reveals a diverse array of pathways inhibited by nuclear receptor SHP during adipogenesis.

Song Guisheng G Park Kyungtae K Wang Li L

International journal of clinical and experimental pathology 20081103 3

Orphan receptor small heterodimer partner (SHP, NROB2) has been shown to be a metabolic regulator in pathways associated with several major aspects of the metabolic syndrome. However, the significance and transcriptional regulatory role of SHP in adipocyte differentiation remain unclear. Transcriptional profiles of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and early differentiating preadipocytes in response to SHP were systemically surveyed using Affymetrix Genome Array representing well-characterized 14,000 genes. ...[more]

PMID: 19079622

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Project description:BACKGROUND: The differentiation of fibroblast-like pre-adipocytes to lipid-loaded adipocytes is regulated by a network of transcription factors, the most prominent one being the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) ?. However, many of the other 47 members of the nuclear receptor superfamily have an impact on adipogenesis, which in human cells has not been investigated in detail. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We analyzed by quantitative PCR all human nuclear receptors at multiple time points during differentiation of SGBS pre-adipocytes. The earliest effect was the down-regulation of the genes RARG, PPARD, REV-ERBA, REV-ERBB, VDR and GR followed by the up-regulation of PPARG, LXRA and AR. These observations are supported with data from 3T3-L1 mouse pre-adipocytes and primary human adipocytes. Investigation of the effects of the individual differentiation mix components in short-term treatments and of their omission from the full mix showed that the expression levels of the early-regulated nuclear receptor genes were most affected by the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) ligand cortisol and the phosphodiesterase inhibitor IBMX. Interestingly, the effects of both compounds converged to repress the genes PPARD, REV-ERBA, REV-ERBB, VDR and GR, whereas cortisol and IBMX showed antagonistic interaction for PPARG, LXRA and AR causing a time lag in their up-regulation. We hypothesize that the well-known auto-repression of GR fine-tunes the detected early responses. Consistently, chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments showed that GR association increased on the transcription start sites of the genes RARG, REV-ERBB, VDR and GR. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Adipocyte differentiation is a process, in which many members of the nuclear receptor superfamily change their mRNA expression. The actions of cortisol and IBMX converged to repress several nuclear receptors early in differentiation, while up-regulation of other nuclear receptor genes showed a time lag due to antagonisms of the signals. Our results place GR and its ligand cortisol as central regulatory factors controlling early regulatory events in human adipogenesis that precedes the regulation of the later events by PPARG.

Project description:Background & aimsHyperhomocysteinemia is often associated with liver and metabolic diseases. We studied nuclear receptors that mediate oscillatory control of homocysteine homeostasis in mice.MethodsWe studied mice with disruptions in Nr0b2 (called small heterodimer partner [SHP]-null mice), betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase (Bhmt), or both genes (BHMT-null/SHP-null mice), along with mice with wild-type copies of these genes (controls). Hyperhomocysteinemia was induced by feeding mice alcohol (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism binge model) or chow diets along with water containing 0.18% DL-homocysteine. Some mice were placed on diets containing cholic acid (1%) or cholestyramine (2%) or high-fat diets (60%). Serum and livers were collected during a 24-hour light-dark cycle and analyzed by RNA-seq, metabolomic, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunoblot, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays.ResultsSHP-null mice had altered timing in expression of genes that regulate homocysteine metabolism compared with control mice. Oscillatory production of S-adenosylmethionine, betaine, choline, phosphocholine, glyceophosphocholine, cystathionine, cysteine, hydrogen sulfide, glutathione disulfide, and glutathione, differed between SHP-null mice and control mice. SHP inhibited transcriptional activation of Bhmt and cystathionine γ-lyase by FOXA1. Expression of Bhmt and cystathionine γ-lyase was decreased when mice were fed cholic acid but increased when they were placed on diets containing cholestyramine or high-fat content. Diets containing ethanol or homocysteine induced hyperhomocysteinemia and glucose intolerance in control, but not SHP-null, mice. In BHMT-null and BHMT-null/SHP-null mice fed a control liquid, lipid vacuoles were observed in livers. Ethanol feeding induced accumulation of macrovesicular lipid vacuoles to the greatest extent in BHMT-null and BHMT-null/SHP-null mice.ConclusionsDisruption of Shp in mice alters timing of expression of genes that regulate homocysteine metabolism and the liver responses to ethanol and homocysteine. SHP inhibits the transcriptional activation of Bhmt and cystathionine γ-lyase by FOXA1.

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Gene expression profiling reveals a diverse array of pathways inhibited by nuclear receptor SHP during adipogenesis.

Publications

Gene expression profiling reveals a diverse array of pathways inhibited by nuclear receptor SHP during adipogenesis.

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