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Decreased cognition in children with risk factors for Alzheimer's disease.

ABSTRACT: The epsilon4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene (APOE-epsilon4) and a family history (+FH) of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are both risk factors for the development of AD. Although studies to identify a preclinical phase of AD have led to evidence of APOE-epsilon4- and +FH-related differences in brain and cognitive functioning in healthy adults, the relative influence of these factors in children is unknown.To investigate this issue, school-age children (n = 109) received standardized achievement tests, the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (Copy Condition; RCFT-CC), assessment of family medical history, and buccal swab testing to determine their APOE genotype.Analyses revealed that, relative to children without these risk factors, children who possess both an APOE-epsilon4 allele and a +FH of AD and/or significant memory problems (MP) obtained lower scores on nearly every cognitive test administered.Findings suggest that when both AD risk factors are present, cognition may be adversely affected as early as childhood. Thus, risk factors for a disorder of pathological aging (i.e., AD) may have implications for the etiology of certain types of learning difficulties in children.

SUBMITTER: Bloss CS

PROVIDER: S-EPMC2607139 | biostudies-literature | 2008 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Decreased cognition in children with risk factors for Alzheimer's disease.

Bloss Cinnamon S CS Delis Dean C DC Salmon David P DP Bondi Mark W MW

Biological psychiatry 20080822 10

<h4>Background</h4>The epsilon4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene (APOE-epsilon4) and a family history (+FH) of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are both risk factors for the development of AD. Although studies to identify a preclinical phase of AD have led to evidence of APOE-epsilon4- and +FH-related differences in brain and cognitive functioning in healthy adults, the relative influence of these factors in children is unknown.<h4>Methods</h4>To investigate this issue, school-age children (n = 109) ...[more]

PMID: 18722591

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Project description:ObjectiveTo investigate risk factors associated with unilateral or bilateral decreased visual acuity (VA) in preschool children.DesignPopulation-based, cross-sectional prevalence study.ParticipantsPopulation-based samples of 6504 children ages 30 to 72 months from California and Maryland.MethodsParticipants were preschool African-American, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic white children from Los Angeles, California, and Baltimore, Maryland. Data were obtained by a parental interview and a detailed ocular examination. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate the independent associations between demographic, behavioral, and clinical risk factors with unilateral and bilateral decreased VA.Main outcome measuresOdds ratios (ORs) for various risk factors associated with interocular difference (IOD) in VA of ?2 lines with ?20/32 in the worse eye, or bilateral decreased VA <20/40 or <20/50 if <48 months of age.ResultsIn multivariate logistic regression analysis, 2-line IOD with a VA of ?20/32 was independently associated with Hispanic ethnicity (OR, 2.05), esotropia (OR, 8.98), spherical equivalent (SE) anisometropia (ORs ranging between 1.5 and 39.7 for SE anisometropia ranging between 0.50 to <1.00 diopters [D] and ?2.00 D), and aniso-astigmatism in J0 or J45 (ORs ranging between 1.4 and ?5.3 for J0 or J45 differences ranging between 0.25 to <0.50 D and ?1.00 D). Bilateral decreased VA was independently associated with lack of health insurance (OR, 2.9), lower primary caregiver education (OR, 1.7), astigmatism (OR, 2.3 and 17.6 for astigmatism 1.00 to <2.00 D and ?2.00 D), and SE hyperopia ?4.00 D (OR, 10.8).ConclusionsAnisometropia and esotropia are risk factors for IOD in VA. Astigmatism and high hyperopia are risk factors for bilateral decreased VA. Guidelines for the screening and management of decreased VA in preschool children should be considered in light of these risk associations.Financial disclosure(s)The authors have no proprietary or commercial interest in any of the materials discussed in this article.

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Decreased cognition in children with risk factors for Alzheimer's disease.

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Decreased cognition in children with risk factors for Alzheimer's disease.

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