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Exogenous glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide worsens post prandial hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes.

ABSTRACT: Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), unlike glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1, lacks glucose-lowering properties in patients with type 2 diabetes. We designed this study to elucidate the underlying pathophysiology.Twenty-two insulin-naïve subjects with type 2 diabetes were given either synthetic human GIP (20 ng x kg(-1) x min(-1)) or placebo (normal saline) over 180 min, starting with the first bite of a mixed meal (plus 1 g of acetaminophen) on two separate occasions. Frequent blood samples were obtained over 6 h to determine plasma GIP, GLP-1, glucose, insulin, glucagon, resistin, and acetaminophen levels.Compared with placebo, GIP induced an early postprandial increase in insulin levels. Intriguingly, GIP also induced an early postprandial augmentation in glucagon, a significant elevation in late postprandial glucose, and a decrease in late postprandial GLP-1 levels. Resistin and acetaminophen levels were comparable in both interventions. By immunocytochemistry, GIP receptors were present on human and mouse alpha-cells. In alphaTC1 cell line, GIP induced an increase in intracellular cAMP and glucagon secretion. CONCLUSIONS; GIP, given to achieve supraphysiological plasma levels, still had an early, short-lived insulinotropic effect in type 2 diabetes. However, with a concomitant increase in glucagon, the glucose-lowering effect was lost. GIP infusion further worsened hyperglycemia postprandially, most likely through its suppressive effect on GLP-1. These findings make it unlikely that GIP or GIP receptor agonists will be useful in treating the hyperglycemia of patients with type 2 diabetes.

SUBMITTER: Chia CW

PROVIDER: S-EPMC2682676 | biostudies-literature | 2009 Jun

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Exogenous glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide worsens post prandial hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes.

Chia Chee W CW Carlson Olga D OD Kim Wook W Shin Yu-Kyong YK Charles Cornelia P CP Kim Hee Seung HS Melvin Denise L DL Egan Josephine M JM

Diabetes 20090310 6

<h4>Objective</h4>Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), unlike glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1, lacks glucose-lowering properties in patients with type 2 diabetes. We designed this study to elucidate the underlying pathophysiology.<h4>Research design and methods</h4>Twenty-two insulin-naïve subjects with type 2 diabetes were given either synthetic human GIP (20 ng x kg(-1) x min(-1)) or placebo (normal saline) over 180 min, starting with the first bite of a mixed meal (plus 1 g of ac ...[more]

PMID: 19276444

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Project description:ContextIn healthy individuals, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) enhances insulin secretion and reduces bone resorption by up to 25% estimated by absolute placebo-corrected changes in carboxy-terminal type 1 collagen crosslinks (CTX) during GIP and glucose administration. In patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D), GIP's insulinotropic effect is impaired and effects on bone may be reduced.ObjectiveTo investigate GIP's effect on bone biomarkers in patients with T2D.DesignRandomized, double-blinded, crossover study investigating 6 interventions.PatientsTwelve male patients with T2D.InterventionsA primed continuous 90-minute GIP infusion (2 pmol/kg/min) or matching placebo (saline) administered at 3 plasma glucose (PG) levels (i.e., paired days with "insulin-induced hypoglycemia" (PG lowered to 3 mmol/L), "fasting hyperglycemia" (mean PG ~8 mmol/L), or "aggravated hyperglycemia" (mean PG ~12 mmol/L).Main outcome measuresBone biomarkers: CTX, procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide (P1NP) and PTH.ResultsOn days with insulin-induced hypoglycemia, CTX was suppressed by up to 40 ± 15% during GIP administration compared with 12 ± 11% during placebo infusion (P < 0.0001). On days with fasting hyperglycemia, CTX was suppressed by up to 36 ± 15% during GIP administration, compared with 0 ± 9% during placebo infusion (P < 0.0001). On days with aggravated hyperglycemia, CTX was suppressed by up to 47 ± 23% during GIP administration compared with 10 ± 9% during placebo infusion (P = 0.0005). At all glycemic levels, P1NP and PTH concentrations were similar between paired days after 90 minutes.ConclusionsShort-term GIP infusions reduce bone resorption by more than one-third (estimated by absolute placebo-corrected CTX reductions) in patients with T2DM, suggesting preserved bone effects of GIP in these patients.PrécisShort-term GIP infusions reduce the bone resorption marker CTX by one-third in patients with type 2 diabetes independent of glycemic levels.

Project description:Aims/introductionThe involvement of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) on inflammation was explored in atherosclerosis and adipose tissue. Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory disease, and is considered one of the diabetic complications. In the present study, to examine the effect of GIP on periodontitis, we induced experimental periodontitis in glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor-knockout mice (GIPRKO). We also investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of GIP in a culture system.Materials and methodsExperimental periodontitis was induced by ligature wire in GIPRKO and C57BL/C mice. Two weeks after the ligature, immunohistological evaluation and inflammatory messenger ribonucleic acid expression in the gingiva was examined. To elucidate the role of GIP in inflammation, the effects of GIP on lipopolysaccharide-induced gene expressions in THP-1 cells were evaluated.ResultsPeriodontitis increased inflammatory cell infiltration, macrophage accumulation and tumor necrosis factor-? and nitric oxide synthase gene expressions in the gingiva. Periodontitis in GIPRKO showed a marked increase of inflammatory cells in the gingivomucosal tissue. Mac-1-positive macrophages and the inflammatory gene expressions were significantly increased in periodontitis in GIPRKO compared with C57BL/C mice periodontitis. Immunohistochemical staining confirmed that GIP receptors were expressed in residual and infiltrated Mac-1-positive macrophages. The in vitro study showed that GIP suppressed lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-? and nitric oxide synthase gene expression in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of GIP on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory gene expressions was at least partially through cyclic adenosine monophosphate/protein kinase A pathway.ConclusionsThese results suggest the beneficial effects of GIP on periodontal disease. In diabetic patients, GIP is expected to have a direct anti-inflammatory effect on periodontitis in addition to its glucose-lowering effect.

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Exogenous glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide worsens post prandial hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes.

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Exogenous glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide worsens post prandial hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes.

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