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Nutritional genomics, polyphenols, diets, and their impact on dietetics.

ABSTRACT: Nutritional genomics offers a way to optimize human health and the quality of life. It is an attractive endeavor, but one with substantial challenges. It encompasses almost all known aspects of science, ranging from the genomes of humans, plants, and microorganisms, to the highest levels of food science, analytical science, computing, and statistics of large systems, as well as human behavior. This paper describes the underlying biochemistry that is targeted by the principal issues in nutritional genomics, which entails genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. A major feature relevant to nutritional genomics is the single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes that interact with nutrients and other bioactive food components. These genetic changes may lead to alterations in absorption, metabolism, and functional responses to bioactive nutritional factors. Bioactive food components may also regulate gene expression at the transcriptome, protein abundance, and/or protein turnover levels. Even if all of these variables are known, additional variables to be considered include the nutritional variability of the food (unprocessed and processed), the amount that is actually eaten, and the eating-related behaviors of those consuming the food. These challenges are explored within the context of soy intake. Finally, the importance of international cooperation in nutritional genomics research is presented.

SUBMITTER: Barnes S

PROVIDER: S-EPMC2692306 | biostudies-literature | 2008 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Nutritional genomics, polyphenols, diets, and their impact on dietetics.

Barnes Stephen S

Journal of the American Dietetic Association 20081101 11

Nutritional genomics offers a way to optimize human health and the quality of life. It is an attractive endeavor, but one with substantial challenges. It encompasses almost all known aspects of science, ranging from the genomes of humans, plants, and microorganisms, to the highest levels of food science, analytical science, computing, and statistics of large systems, as well as human behavior. This paper describes the underlying biochemistry that is targeted by the principal issues in nutritiona ...[more]

PMID: 18954579

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Project description:The cardiovascular and other health benefits and potential harms of protein and micronutrient deficiency of vegetarian diets continue to be debated.Study participants included urban migrants, their rural siblings and urban residents (n = 6555, mean age - 40.9 yrs) of the Indian Migration Study from Lucknow, Nagpur, Hyderabad and Bangalore. Information on diet (validated interviewer-administered semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire), tobacco, alcohol, physical activity, medical histories, as well as blood pressure, fasting blood and anthropometric measurements were collected. Nutrient databases were used to calculate nutrient content of regional recipes. Vegetarians ate no eggs, fish, poultry and meat. Using multivariate linear regression with robust standard error model, we compared the macro- and micro-nutrient profile of vegetarian and non-vegetarian diets.Vegetarians, (32.8% of the population), consumed greater amounts of legumes, vegetables, roots and tubers, dairy and sugar, while non-vegetarians had a greater intake of cereals, fruits, spices, salt (p?<?0.01), fats and oils. Vegetarians had a higher socioeconomic status, and were less likely to smoke, drink alcohol (p?<?0.0001) and engage in less physical activity (p?=?0.04). On multivariate analysis, vegetarians consumed more carbohydrates (??=?7.0 g/day (95% CI: 9.9 to 4.0), p?<?0.0001), vitamin C (??=?8.7 mg/day (95% CI: 4.3 to13.0), p?<?0.0001) and folate (??=?8.0 mcg/day (95% CI: 3.3 to 12.7), p?=?0.001) and lower levels of fat (??=?-1.6 g/day (95% CI: -0.62 to -2.7), p?=?0.002), protein (??=?-6.4 g/day (95% CI: -5.8 to -7.0), p?<?0.0001), vitamin B12 (??=?-1.4 mcg/day (95% CI: -1.2 to -1.5), p?<?0.0001) and zinc (??=?-0.6 mg/day (95% CI: -0.4 to -0.7), p?<?0.0001).Overall, Indian vegetarian diets were found to be adequate to sustain nutritional demands according to recommended dietary allowances with less fat. Lower vitamin B12 bio-availability remains a concern and requires exploration of acceptable dietary sources for vegetarians.

Project description:BackgroundThe practice of feeding a raw meat-based diet (RMBD) to dogs is a topic of increasing interest to owners and veterinary professionals alike. Despite the research around the practice, particularly about the risk of nutritional imbalances and microbial contamination, an increasing number of dog owners are adopting a raw diet for their dogs. This study expands the research into owner motivations for feeding RMBDs and cooked diets and asks them their opinions about risk and nutritional value.MethodsAn anonymized, online, internationally accessible questionnaire was developed to ascertain owner perspectives on the risks, benefits, and nutritional value of commercially prepared and homemade RMBDs as compared with commercially prepared cooked diets (CCDs).ResultsThe questionnaire was completed by 419 dog owners of diverse backgrounds across the world. Of the participants, 25.3% fed RMBDs. Just over 70.0% of all participants had spoken to their veterinarian about their dog's nutrition. Owners who fed RMBDs ranked their veterinarian's knowledge lower and their own knowledge of canine nutrition higher than owners who fed CCDs. They rated commercial and homemade RMBDs as highly nutritious 83.5% and 73.6% of the time, respectively, while only 12.5% rated CCDs as highly nutritious. Owners who fed CCDs ranked RMBDs as highly nutritious less often, but also only ranked CCDs as highly nutritious 52.7% of the time. All participants agreed that CCDs were low risk to human health. Owners who fed RMBDs ranked raw diets as highly risky to human or dog health under 20.0% of the time but deemed CCDs risky to animal health over 65.0% of the time. When asked about benefits of raw diets, the most repeated words offered by owners were "health", "better", "coat" and "teeth". The most repeated risks presented were "bacteria", "nutrition", "risk" and "Salmonella". Owners who fed RMBDs tended to use vague terminology like "health" and "better" when asked why they fed a raw diet. Owners who did not feed RMBDs used more specific terminology like "expensive", "time" and "risk" when asked why they did not feed a raw diet. Overall, the two groups differed in their perceptions around RMBD and CCD feeding, which highlights the need for a better line of communication and education between veterinarians and owners.

Dataset Information

Nutritional genomics, polyphenols, diets, and their impact on dietetics.

Publications

Nutritional genomics, polyphenols, diets, and their impact on dietetics.

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