Association of a single nucleotide polymorphism in the C-reactive protein gene (-286) with susceptibility to Plasmodium falciparum malaria.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Giha HA
PROVIDER: S-EPMC2781302 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Artemisinin-resistant malaria (ARM) remains a significant threat to malaria elimination. In the Greater Mekong subregion, the prevalence of ARM in certain regions has reached greater than 90%. Artemisinin-resistant malaria is clinically identified by delayed parasite clearance and has been associated with mutations in the propeller domain of the kelch 13 gene. C580Y is the most prevalent mutation. The detection of ARM currently relies on labor-intensive and time-consuming methods such as clinical phenotyping or in vitro susceptibility testing.We developed a novel single-nucleotide polymorphism loop mediated isothermal amplification (SNP-LAMP) test method for the detection of the C580Y mutation using a novel primer design strategy.The SNP-LAMP was 90.0% sensitive (95% confidence interval [CI], 66.9-98.3) and 91.9% specific (95% CI, 82.6-96.7) without knowledge of the parasite load and was 100% sensitive (95% CI, 79.9-100) and 97.3% specific (95% CI, 89.7-99.5) when the parasitemia was within the assay dynamic range. Tests with potential application near-to-patient such as SNP-LAMP may be deployed in low- and middle-income and developed countries.Single-nucleotide polymorphism LAMP can serve as a surveillance tool and guide treatment algorithms for ARM in a clinically relevant time frame, prevent unnecessary use of additional drugs that may drive additional resistance, and avoid longer treatment regimens that cause toxicity for the patient.
| S-EPMC5912083 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundMyD88-adapter-like (MAL), as an essential adapter protein for a variety of TLRs (Toll-like receptors), modulates the inflammatory response. Many infectious illnesses are influenced by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that modify MAL function. We aimed to examine the influence of the MAL rs8177374 polymorphism on Plasmodium falciparum malaria susceptibility and severity.Patients and methodsSamples from 141 Plasmodium falciparum malaria patients and 147 healthy controls were used in the study. Patients were subdivided into mild and severe groups based on their clinical results, as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO). Genotypes for MAL rs8177374 were identified by allele-specific PCR technique, and TNF-alpha and IL-12 levels were measured using ELISA.ResultsThe MAL rs8177374 (CT) genotype is associated with an increased risk of malaria (OR: 2.52; 95% CI: 1.44-4.41). Furthermore, the CT and TT genotypes gave considerable protection against severe malaria (OR: 0.07; 95% CI: 0.03-0.19 and OR: 0.03; 95% CI: 0.007-0.1 respectively). And the T allele was linked to a higher risk of malaria (OR: 1.7; 95% CI: 1.18-2.5), while protecting patients from severe malaria (OR: 0.135; 95% CI: 0.07-0.3). Mutants (CT and TT) have greater TNF-alpha and IL-12 levels compared to wild-type (CC).ConclusionMalaria risk is linked to single nucleotide polymorphism in the MyD88-adaptor-like gene. People with the MAL rs8177374 mutant variant may be less likely to get severe malaria.
| S-EPMC9718378 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND:The ideal malaria parasite populations for initial mapping of genomic regions contributing to phenotypes such as drug resistance and virulence, through genome-wide association studies, are those with high genetic diversity, allowing for numerous informative markers, and rare meiotic recombination, allowing for strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) between markers and phenotype-determining loci. However, levels of genetic diversity and LD in field populations of the major human malaria parasite P. vivax remain little characterized. RESULTS:We examined single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and LD patterns across a 100-kb chromosome segment of P. vivax in 238 field isolates from areas of low to moderate malaria endemicity in South America and Asia, where LD tends to be more extensive than in holoendemic populations, and in two monkey-adapted strains (Salvador-I, from El Salvador, and Belem, from Brazil). We found varying levels of SNP diversity and LD across populations, with the highest diversity and strongest LD in the area of lowest malaria transmission. We found several clusters of contiguous markers with rare meiotic recombination and characterized a relatively conserved haplotype structure among populations, suggesting the existence of recombination hotspots in the genome region analyzed. Both silent and nonsynonymous SNPs revealed substantial between-population differentiation, which accounted for ~40% of the overall genetic diversity observed. Although parasites clustered according to their continental origin, we found evidence for substructure within the Brazilian population of P. vivax. We also explored between-population differentiation patterns revealed by loci putatively affected by natural selection and found marked geographic variation in frequencies of nucleotide substitutions at the pvmdr-1 locus, putatively associated with drug resistance. CONCLUSION:These findings support the feasibility of genome-wide association studies in carefully selected populations of P. vivax, using relatively low densities of markers, but underscore the risk of false positives caused by population structure at both local and regional levels.
| S-EPMC2910014 | biostudies-literature
Project description:IntroductionInterleukin-18 (IL-18) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine, reported to be involved in the initial immune responses against malaria. Genetic variations in the host are an important factor that influences the etiology of malaria at several disease levels. Polymorphisms within the IL-18 gene are associated with susceptibility and clinical outcome of several diseases.MethodsWe genotyped single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in IL-18 of patients infected with Plasmodium falciparum with varying extent of parasitemia and different age groups.ResultsSNPs rs5744292 (OR = 70.446; 95% CI = 4.318-1149.323; p<0.0001) and rs544354 (OR = 1.498; 95% CI = 1.088-2.063; p=0.013) were found to be significantly associated with parasitemia in P. falciparum-infected patients when compared with healthy control subjects. SNP rs5744292 (OR = 7.597; 95% CI=1.028-56.156; p=0.019) was associated with increased parasite density in infected patients. SNPs rs544354 (OR 0.407; 95% CI=0.204-0.812; p = 0.009) and rs360714 (OR of 0.256; 95% CI=0.119-0.554; p = 0.001) were significantly associated with parasite density in an age-dependent manner, with the risk alleles present more frequently among the younger (1-9 years) patients. Several haplotypes were found to have a significant association with parasitemia. In-vitro expression analysis using luciferase reporter assay showed that SNPs rs1946518 and rs187238 in the IL-18 gene promoter region and rs360728 and rs5744292 in the 3'-untranslated region of the IL-18 gene were associated with enhanced transcriptional activity.ConclusionOur results suggest that polymorphisms within the IL-18 gene are associated with the susceptibility to P. falciparum infection and related parasitemia among groups with different parasite density and across various age groups.
| S-EPMC8323861 | biostudies-literature
Project description:We have studied the genetic polymorphism at 10 Plasmodium falciparum loci that are considered potential targets for specific antimalarial vaccines. The polymorphism is unevenly distributed among the loci; loci encoding proteins expressed on the surface of the sporozoite or the merozoite (AMA-1, CSP, LSA-1, MSP-1, MSP-2, and MSP-3) are more polymorphic than those expressed during the sexual stages or inside the parasite (EBA-175, Pfs25, PF48/45, and RAP-1). Comparison of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions indicates that natural selection may account for the polymorphism observed at seven of the 10 loci studied. This inference depends on the assumption that synonymous substitutions are neutral, which we test by analyzing codon bias and G+C content in a set of 92 gene loci. We find evidence for an overall trend towards increasing A+T richness, but no evidence for mutation bias. Although the neutrality of synonymous substitutions is not definitely established, this trend towards an A+T rich genome cannot explain the accumulation of substitutions at least in the case of four genes (AMA-1, CSP, LSA-1, and PF48/45) because the Gleft and right arrow C transversions are more frequent than expected. Moreover, the Tajima test manifests positive natural selection for the MSP-1 and, less strongly, MSP-3 polymorphisms; the McDonald-Kreitman test manifests natural selection at LSA-1 and PF48/45. We conclude that there is definite evidence for positive natural selection in the genes encoding AMA-1, CSP, LSA-1, MSP-1, and Pfs48/45. For four other loci, EBA-175, MSP-2, MSP-3, and RAP-1, the evidence is limited. No evidence for natural selection is found for Pfs25.
| S-EPMC1460124 | biostudies-other
Project description:BackgroundAs areas move closer to malaria elimination, a combination of limited resources and increasing heterogeneity in case distribution and transmission favour a shift to targeted reactive interventions. Reactive case detection (RCD), the following up of additional individuals surrounding an index case, has the potential to target transmission pockets and identify asymptomatic cases in them. Current RCD implementation strategies vary, and it is unclear which are most effective in achieving elimination.MethodsOpenMalaria, an established individual-based stochastic model, was used to simulate RCD in a Zambia-like setting. The capacity to follow up index cases, the search radius, the initial transmission and the case management coverage were varied. Suitable settings were identified and probabilities of elimination and time to elimination estimated. The value of routinely collected prevalence and incidence data for predicting the success of RCD was assessed.ResultsThe results indicate that RCD with the aim of transmission interruption is only appropriate in settings where initial transmission is very low (annual entomological inoculation rate (EIR) 1-2 or prevalence approx. < 7-19% depending on case management levels). Every index case needs to be followed up, up to a maximum case-incidence threshold which defines the suitability threshold of settings for elimination using RCD. Increasing the search radius around index cases is always beneficial.ConclusionsRCD is highly resource intensive, requiring testing and treating of 400-500 people every week for 5-10 years for a reasonable chance of elimination in a Zambia-like setting.
| S-EPMC6668148 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND: In sub-Saharan Africa, Plasmodium falciparum and hepatitis A (HAV) infections are common, especially in children. Co-infections with these two pathogens may therefore occur, but it is unknown if temporal clustering exists. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied the pattern of co-infection of P. falciparum malaria and acute HAV in Kenyan children under the age of 5 years in a cohort of children presenting with uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria. HAV status was determined during a 3-month follow-up period. DISCUSSION: Among 222 cases of uncomplicated malaria, 10 patients were anti-HAV IgM positive. The incidence of HAV infections during P. falciparum malaria was 1.7 (95% CI 0.81-3.1) infections/person-year while the cumulative incidence of HAV over the 3-month follow-up period was 0.27 (95% CI 0.14-0.50) infections/person-year. Children with or without HAV co-infections had similar mean P. falciparum asexual parasite densities at presentation (31,000/µL vs. 34,000/µL, respectively), largely exceeding the pyrogenic threshold of 2,500 parasites/µL in this population and minimizing risk of over-diagnosis of malaria as an explanation. CONCLUSION: The observed temporal association between acute HAV and P. falciparum malaria suggests that co-infections of these two hepatotrophic human pathogens may result from changes in host susceptibility. Testing this hypothesis will require larger prospective studies.
| S-EPMC3130729 | biostudies-other
Project description:AimThe aim of this study is to demonstrate the role of CCND1 gene polymorphism, A870G, in susceptibility to sporadic colorectal cancer in Iranian population.BackgroundIt has been distinguished that CCND1 gene is one of the main genes in Wnt signaling pathway which involves in generating colorectal cancer. Nonetheless, there is no consistent result in terms of association between the genetic variations of this gene and colorectal cancer risk.MethodsWe designed a case-control study consisting of 100 subjects with colorectal cancer (CRC) and 100 healthy controls to investigate the effect of A870G polymorphism on CRC susceptibility in an Iranian population. Genotype determination was performed by PCR-RFLP method.ResultsThe frequency of GG, AG and AA genotypes for cases were 24%, 51% and 25% respectively, while the genotype frequency for controls were 21%, 50% and 29% respectively. It was identified that there is no significant association between A870G polymorphism and risk of CRC, even after adjusting sex, age and smoking status variables (P = 0.777; OR=1.32 95% CI: 0.6-2.93)..ConclusionDespite the well-known role of CCND1 gene in cell cycle regulation, our results revealed that A870G polymorphism could not be a potential predisposing risk factor in genetic susceptibility to CRC, at least in the studied population.
| S-EPMC5838181 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Multiple mechanisms such as genetic and epigenetic variations within a key gene may play a role in malarial susceptibility and response to anti-malarial drugs in the population. ABCB1 is one of the well-studied membrane transporter genes that code for the P-glycoprotein (an efflux protein) and whose effect on malaria disease predisposition and susceptibility to drugs remains to be understood. We studied the association of single nucleotide variations in human ABCB1 that influences its function in subjects with uncomplicated and complicated malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum (Pf). Global DNA methylation and ABCB1 DNA promoter methylation levels were performed along with transcriptional response and protein expression in subjects with malaria and healthy controls. The rs2032582 locus was significantly associated with complicated and combined malaria groups when compared to controls (p < 0.05). Significant DNA methylation difference was noticed between case and control (p < 0.05). In addition, global DNA methylation levels of the host DNA were inversely proportional to parasitemia in individuals with Pf infection. Our study also revealed the correlation between ABCB1 DNA promoter methylation with rs1128503 and rs2032582 polymorphisms in malaria and was related to increased expression of ABCB1 protein levels in complicated malaria group (p < 0.05) when compared to uncomplicated malaria and control groups. The study provides evidence for multiple mechanisms that may regulate the role of host ABCB1 function to mediate aetiology of malaria susceptibility, prognosis and drug response. These may have clinical implications and therapeutic application for various malarial conditions.
| S-EPMC5397027 | biostudies-literature
Project description:For more than five decades, Southeast Asia (SEA) has been fertile ground for the emergence of drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria. After generating parasites resistant to chloroquine, sulfadoxine, pyrimethamine, quinine, and mefloquine, this region has now spawned parasites resistant to artemisinins, the world's most potent antimalarial drugs. In areas where artemisinin resistance is prevalent, artemisinin combination therapies (ACTs)-the first-line treatments for malaria-are failing fast. This worrisome development threatens to make malaria practically untreatable in SEA, and threatens to compromise global endeavors to eliminate this disease. A recent series of clinical, in vitro, genomics, and transcriptomics studies in SEA have defined in vivo and in vitro phenotypes of artemisinin resistance, identified its causal genetic determinant, explored its molecular mechanism, and assessed its clinical impact. Specifically, these studies have established that artemisinin resistance manifests as slow parasite clearance in patients and increased survival of early-ring-stage parasites in vitro; is caused by single nucleotide polymorphisms in the parasite's K13 gene, is associated with an upregulated "unfolded protein response" pathway that may antagonize the pro-oxidant activity of artemisinins, and selects for partner drug resistance that rapidly leads to ACT failures. In SEA, clinical studies are urgently needed to monitor ACT efficacy where K13 mutations are prevalent, test whether new combinations of currently available drugs cure ACT failures, and advance new antimalarial compounds through preclinical pipelines and into clinical trials. Intensifying these efforts should help to forestall the spread of artemisinin and partner drug resistance from SEA to sub-Saharan Africa, where the world's malaria transmission, morbidity, and mortality rates are highest.
| S-EPMC4992992 | biostudies-literature