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Characteristics of genetic hitchhiking around dihydrofolate reductase gene associated with pyrimethamine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from India.

ABSTRACT: Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) resistance in Plasmodium falciparum has been widespread across continents, causing the major hurdle of controlling malaria. Resistance is encoded mainly by point mutations in P. falciparum dihydrofolate reductase (pfdhfr) and dihydropteroate synthase (pfdhps) target genes. To study the origin and evolution of pyrimethamine resistance on the Indian subcontinent, microsatellite markers flanking the pfdhfr gene were mapped. Here we describe the characteristics of genetic hitchhiking around the pfdhfr gene among 190 P. falciparum isolates. These isolates were collected from five different geographical regions of India (Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Assam, Orissa, and Andaman and Nicobar Islands) where malarial transmission rates and levels of drug resistance vary across regions. Among the isolates, we observed a significant reduction in genetic variation in the +/-20-kb vicinity of the mutant pfdhfr alleles due to hitchhiking. This reduction in genetic diversity was more prominent around quadruple pfdhfr alleles (heterozygosity [H(e)] = 0.23) than around double (H(e) = 0.365) and single (H(e) = 0.465) mutant alleles. Asymmetry in the selective sweep flanking the pfdhfr alleles was observed with regional isolates, emphasizing the drug usage with the parasite population. All the pfdhfr alleles share a single microsatellite haplotype and seem to have originated from a single progenitor similar to that of Southeast Asian (Thailand) pfdhfr mutants. Results of the present study also indicate that the emergence of drug-resistant alleles is a recent phenomenon in India compared to Southeast Asian countries.

SUBMITTER: Lumb V

PROVIDER: S-EPMC2786369 | biostudies-literature | 2009 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Characteristics of genetic hitchhiking around dihydrofolate reductase gene associated with pyrimethamine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from India.

Lumb Vanshika V Das Manoj K MK Singh Neeru N Dev Vas V Wajihullah Sharma Yagya D YD

Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 20090928 12

Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) resistance in Plasmodium falciparum has been widespread across continents, causing the major hurdle of controlling malaria. Resistance is encoded mainly by point mutations in P. falciparum dihydrofolate reductase (pfdhfr) and dihydropteroate synthase (pfdhps) target genes. To study the origin and evolution of pyrimethamine resistance on the Indian subcontinent, microsatellite markers flanking the pfdhfr gene were mapped. Here we describe the characteristics of gene ...[more]

PMID: 19786603

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Project description:Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum infects roughly 30,000 individuals in Haiti each year. Haiti has used chloroquine (CQ) as a first-line treatment for malaria for many years and as a result there are concerns that malaria parasites may develop resistance to CQ over time. Therefore it is important to prepare for alternative malaria treatment options should CQ resistance develop. In many other malaria-endemic regions, antifolates, particularly pyrimethamine (PYR) and sulphadoxine (SDX) treatment combination (SP), have been used as an alternative when CQ resistance has developed. This study evaluated mutations in the dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) and dihydropteroate synthetase (dhps) genes that confer PYR and SDX resistance, respectively, in P. falciparum to provide baseline data in Haiti. This study is the first comprehensive study to examine PYR and SDX resistance genotypes in P. falciparum in Haiti.DNA was extracted from dried blood spots and genotyped for PYR and SDX resistance mutations in P. falciparum using PCR and DNA sequencing methods. Sixty-one samples were genotyped for PYR resistance in codons 51, 59, 108 and 164 of the dhfr gene and 58 samples were genotyped for SDX resistance codons 436, 437, 540 of the dhps gene in P. falciparum.Thirty-three percent (20/61) of the samples carried a mutation at codon 108 (S108N) of the dhfr gene. No mutations in dhfr at codons 51, 59, 164 were observed in any of the samples. In addition, no mutations were observed in dhps at the three codons (436, 437, 540) examined. No significant difference was observed between samples collected in urban vs rural sites (Welch's T-test p-value = 0.53 and permutations p-value = 0.59).This study has shown the presence of the S108N mutation in P. falciparum that confers low-level PYR resistance in Haiti. However, the absence of SDX resistance mutations suggests that SP resistance may not be present in Haiti. These results have important implications for ongoing discussions on alternative malaria treatment options in Haiti.

Project description:Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) combination drug is currently being used in India for the treatment of Plasmodium falciparum as partner drug in artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT). Resistance to sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine in P. falciparum is linked with mutations in dihydropteroate synthase (pfdhps) and dihydrofolate reductase (pfdhfr) genes respectively. This study was undertaken to estimate the prevalence of such mutations in pfdhfr and pfdhps genes in four states of India.Plasmodium falciparum isolates were collected from two states of India with high malaria incidence i.e., Jharkhand and Odisha and two states with low malaria incidence i.e., Andhra Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh between years 2006 to 2012. Part of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) drug resistance genes, pfdhfr and pfdhps were PCR-amplified, sequenced and analyzed.A total of 217 confirmed P. falciparum isolates were sequenced for both Pfdhfr and pfdhps gene. Two pfdhfr mutations 59R and 108N were most common mutations prevalent in all localities in 77 % of isolates. Additionally, I164L was found in Odisha and Jharkhand only (4/70 and 8/84, respectively). Another mutation 51I was found in Odisha only (3/70). The pfdhps mutations 436A, 437G, 540E and 581G were found in Jharkhand and Odisha only in 13, 26, 14 and 13 % isolates respectively, and was absent in Uttar Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh. Combined together for pfdhps and pfdhfr locus, triple, quadruple, quintuple and sextuple mutations were present in Jharkhand and Odisha while absent in Uttar Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh.While only double mutants of pfdhfr was present in low transmission area (Uttar Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh) with total absence of pfdhps mutants, up to sextuple mutations were present in high transmission areas (Odisha and Jharkhand) for both the genes combined. Presence of multiple mutations in pfdhfr and pfdhps genes linked to SP resistance in high transmission area may lead to fixation of multiple mutations in presence of high drug pressure and high recombination rate.

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Characteristics of genetic hitchhiking around dihydrofolate reductase gene associated with pyrimethamine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from India.

Publications

Characteristics of genetic hitchhiking around dihydrofolate reductase gene associated with pyrimethamine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from India.

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