Model of human low-density lipoprotein and bound receptor based on cryoEM.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Ren G
PROVIDER: S-EPMC2798884 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:The LDL receptor (LDLR) and scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) play physiological roles in LDL and HDL metabolism in vivo. In this study, we explored HDL metabolism in LDLR-deficient mice in comparison with WT littermates. Murine HDL was radiolabeled in the protein ((125)I) and in the cholesteryl ester (CE) moiety ([(3)H]). The metabolism of (125)I-/[(3)H]HDL was investigated in plasma and in tissues of mice and in murine hepatocytes. In WT mice, liver and adrenals selectively take up HDL-associated CE ([(3)H]). In contrast, in LDLR(-/-) mice, selective HDL CE uptake is significantly reduced in liver and adrenals. In hepatocytes isolated from LDLR(-/-) mice, selective HDL CE uptake is substantially diminished compared with WT liver cells. Hepatic and adrenal protein expression of lipoprotein receptors SR-BI, cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36), and LDL receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) was analyzed by immunoblots. The respective protein levels were identical both in hepatic and adrenal membranes prepared from WT or from LDLR(-/-) mice. In summary, an LDLR deficiency substantially decreases selective HDL CE uptake by liver and adrenals. This decrease is independent from regulation of receptor proteins like SR-BI, CD36, and LRP1. Thus, LDLR expression has a substantial impact on both HDL and LDL metabolism in mice.
| S-EPMC4617360 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Background MEDI6012 is recombinant human lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase, the rate-limiting enzyme in reverse cholesterol transport. Infusions of lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase have the potential to enhance reverse cholesterol transport and benefit patients with coronary heart disease. The purpose of this study was to test the safety, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic profile of MEDI6012. Methods and Results This phase 2a double-blind study randomized 48 subjects with stable coronary heart disease on a statin to a single dose of MEDI6012 or placebo (6:2) (NCT02601560) with ascending doses administered intravenously (24, 80, 240, and 800 mg) and subcutaneously (80 and 600 mg). MEDI6012 demonstrated rates of treatment-emergent adverse events that were similar to those of placebo. Dose-dependent increases in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were observed with area under the concentration-time curves from 0 to 96 hours of 728, 1640, 3035, and 5318 should be: mg·h/mL in the intravenous dose groups and 422 and 2845 mg·h/mL in the subcutaneous dose groups. Peak mean high-density lipoprotein cholesterol percent change was 31.4%, 71.4%, 125%, and 177.8% in the intravenous dose groups and 18.3% and 111.2% in the subcutaneous dose groups, and was accompanied by increases in endogenous apoA1 (apolipoprotein A1) and non-ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 cholesterol efflux capacity. Decreases in apoB (apolipoprotein B) were observed across all dose levels and decreases in atherogenic small low-density lipoprotein particles by 41%, 88%, and 79% at the 80-, 240-, and 800-mg IV doses, respectively. Conclusions MEDI6012 demonstrated an acceptable safety profile and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, endogenous apoA1, and non-ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 cholesterol efflux capacity while reducing the number of atherogenic low-density lipoprotein particles. These findings are supportive of enhanced reverse cholesterol transport and a functional high-density lipoprotein phenotype. Registration URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT02601560.
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Project description:We have shown recently that lipoprotein-proteoglycan complexes isolated from human atherosclerotic lesions stimulated cholesteryl ester synthesis in human monocyte-derived macrophages [Vijayagopal, Srinivasan, Radhakrishnamurthy and Berenson (1992) Arterioscler. Thromb. 12, 237-249]. The present study was conducted to determine the mechanism of cellular uptake of the complexes. A chondroitin sulphate-dermatan sulphate proteoglycan was isolated from normal human aorta and complexed to 125I-labelled human low-density lipoprotein (LDL). The binding and degradation of 125I-LDL-proteoglycan complex were then studied in human monocyte-derived macrophages. The specific binding and degradation of the complex showed saturability and concentration-dependency. The Kd for binding was 1.5 x 10(-8) M, which was greater than that reported for LDL in monocyte-derived macrophages. Binding of the complex was not subject to down-regulation. Chloroquine inhibited degradation of the complex and the resultant stimulation of cholesteryl ester synthesis. Limited treatment of macrophages with proteolytic enzymes abolished binding and degradation of the complex significantly. Macrophages bound 125I-methyl-LDL-proteoglycan complex to the same extent as 125I-LDL-proteoglycan complex. Excess LDL and proteoglycan did not compete against the binding of the complex; however, excess acetyl-LDL competed for 61% of the binding. Likewise, excess LDL-proteoglycan complex inhibited the binding of 125I-acetyl-LDL by 64%. Polyinosinic acid and cytochalasin D inhibited the binding of 125I-LDL-proteoglycan complex by 60% and 36% respectively. Compared with that of acetyl-LDL, the degradation of LDL-proteoglycan complex was retarded in human macrophages. The results indicate that the uptake of LDL-proteoglycan complex in human monocyte-derived macrophages is not mediated through binding to the LDL receptor; but occurs predominantly via the scavenger receptor, with phagocytosis playing a minor role in the process.
| S-EPMC1132252 | biostudies-other
Project description:Recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors based on serotype 8 (AAV8) transduce liver with superior tropism following intravenous (IV) administration. Previous studies conducted by our lab demonstrated that AAV8-mediated transfer of the human low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) gene driven by a strong liver-specific promoter (thyroxin-binding globulin [TBG]) leads to high level and persistent gene expression in the liver. The approach proved efficacious in reducing plasma cholesterol levels and resulted in the regression of atherosclerotic lesions in a murine model of homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (hoFH). Prior to advancing this vector, called AAV8.TBG.hLDLR, to the clinic, we set out to investigate vector biodistribution in an hoFH mouse model following IV vector administration to assess the safety profile of this investigational agent. Although AAV genomes were present in all organs at all time points tested (up to 180 days), vector genomes were sequestered mainly in the liver, which contained levels of vector 3 logs higher than that found in other organs. In both sexes, the level of AAV genomes gradually declined and appeared to stabilize 90 days post vector administration in most organs although vector genomes remained high in liver. Vector loads in the circulating blood were high and close to those in liver at the early time point (day 3) but rapidly decreased to a level close to the limit of quantification of the assay. The results of this vector biodistribution study further support a proposed clinical trial to evaluate AAV8 gene therapy for hoFH patients.
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Project description:A cDNA that expresses a receptor for very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) was isolated from a rabbit heart cDNA library and characterized. The deduced amino acid sequence of the cDNA revealed that the cDNA encodes a protein with striking homology to the low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor. Like the LDL receptor, the mature protein consists of the following five domains spanning 846 amino acids: 328 N-terminal amino acids including an 8-fold repeat of 40 amino acids homologous to the ligand binding repeat of the LDL receptor; 396 amino acid residues homologous to the epidermal growth factor precursor including three cysteine-rich repeats; a region immediately outside of the plasma membrane rich in serines and threonines; 22 amino acids traversing the plasma membrane; and 54 amino acids including the NPVY sequence that is required for clustering of the LDL receptor in coated pits and that projects into the cytoplasm. LDL-receptor-deficient Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with the cDNA bound and internalized VLDL, beta-migrating VLDL, and intermediate density lipoprotein but did not bind LDL with high affinity. The 3.6- and 9.5-kilobase mRNAs for the VLDL receptor are highly abundant in heart, muscle, and adipose tissue. Barely detectable amounts of the mRNAs were present in liver. Based on the structural features, ligand specificity, and tissue expression of the mRNAs, we suggest that this VLDL receptor may mediate uptake of apolipoprotein E-containing lipoproteins enriched with triglyceride in nonhepatic tissues that are active in fatty acid metabolism.
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Project description:Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) aggregation is central in triggering atherogenesis. A minor fraction of electronegative plasma LDL, termed LDL(-), plays a special role in atherogenesis. To better understand this role, we analyzed the kinetics of aggregation, fusion and disintegration of human LDL and its fractions, LDL(+) and LDL(-). Thermal denaturation of LDL was monitored by spectroscopy and electron microscopy. Initially, LDL(-) aggregated and fused faster than LDL(+), but later the order reversed. Most LDL(+) disintegrated and precipitated upon prolonged heating. In contrast, LDL(-) partially retained lipoprotein morphology and formed soluble aggregates. Biochemical analysis of all fractions showed no significant degradation of major lipids, mild phospholipid oxidation, and an increase in non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) upon thermal denaturation. The main baseline difference between LDL subfractions was higher content of NEFA in LDL(-). Since NEFA promote lipoprotein fusion, increased NEFA content can explain rapid initial aggregation and fusion of LDL(-) but not its resistance to extensive disintegration. Partial hydrolysis of apoB upon heating was similar in LDL subfractions, suggesting that minor proteins importantly modulate LDL disintegration. Unlike LDL(+), LDL(-) contains small amounts of apoA-I and apoJ. Addition of exogenous apoA-I to LDL(+) hampered lipoprotein aggregation, fusion and precipitation, while depletion of endogenous apoJ had an opposite effect. Therefore, the initial rapid aggregation of LDL(-) is apparently counterbalanced by the stabilizing effects of minor proteins such as apoA-I and apoJ. These results help identify key determinants for LDL aggregation, fusion and coalescence into lipid droplets in vivo.
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Project description:Low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) is a major apolipoprotein E (APOE) receptor and thereby is critical to cholesterol homeostasis and, possibly, Alzheimer disease (AD) development. We previously identified a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs688:C>T, that modulates LDLR exon 12 splicing and is associated with cholesterol levels in premenopausal women and with Alzheimer disease in men. To gain additional insights into LDLR splicing regulation, we seek to identify splicing factors that modulate LDLR splicing efficiency. By using an in vitro minigene study, we first found that ectopic expression of SFRS3 (SRp20), SFRS13A (SRp38), SFRS13A-2 (SRp38-2), and RBMX (hnRNP G) robustly decreased LDLR splicing efficiency. Although SFRS3 and SFRS13A specifically increased the LDLR transcript lacking exon 11, SFRS13A-2 and RBMX primarily increased the LDLR isoform lacking both exons 11 and 12. When we evaluated the relationship between the expression of these splicing factors and LDLR splicing in human brain and liver specimens, we found that overall SFRS13A expression was significantly associated with LDLR splicing efficiency in vivo. We interpret these results as suggesting that SFRS13A regulates LDLR splicing efficiency and may therefore emerge as a modulator of cholesterol homeostasis.
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Project description:Atherosclerosis related cardiovascular diseases continue to be the primary cause of mortality in developed countries. The elevated level of low density lipoprotein (LDL) is generally considered to be the driver of atherosclerosis, but recent years have seen a shift in this perception in that the vascular plaque buildup is mainly caused by oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) rather than native-LDL. The scavenger receptor LOX-1 found in endothelial cells binds and internalizes ox-LDL which leads to the initiation of plaque formation in arteries. Using virtual screening techniques, we identified a few potential small molecule inhibitors of LOX-1 and tested their inhibitory potential using differential scanning fluorimetry and various cellular assays. Two of these molecules significantly reduced the uptake of ox-LDL by human endothelial cells, LOX-1 transcription and the activation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPKs in human endothelial cells. In addition, these molecules suppressed ox-LDL-induced VCAM-1 expression and monocyte adhesion onto human endothelial cells demonstrating their therapeutic potential.
| S-EPMC4649741 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Hepatitis B virus (HBV) chronically infects more than 240 million people worldwide, resulting in chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. HBV vaccine is effective to prevent new HBV infection but does not offer therapeutic benefit to hepatitis B patients. Neither are current antiviral drugs curative of chronic hepatitis B. A more thorough understanding of HBV infection and replication holds a great promise for identification of novel antiviral drugs and design of optimal strategies towards the ultimate elimination of chronic hepatitis B. Recently, we have developed a robust HBV cell culture system and discovered that human apolipoprotein E (apoE) is enriched on the HBV envelope and promotes HBV infection and production. In the present study, we have determined the role of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) in HBV infection. A LDLR-blocking monoclonal antibody potently inhibited HBV infection in HepG2 cells expressing the sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) as well as in primary human hepatocytes. More importantly, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs)-mediated knockdown of LDLR expression and the CRISPR/Cas9-induced knockout of the LDLR gene markedly reduced HBV infection. A recombinant LDLR protein could block heparin-mediated apoE pulldown, suggesting that LDLR may act as an HBV cell attachment receptor via binding to the HBV-associated apoE. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that LDLR plays an important role in HBV infection probably by serving as a virus attachment receptor.
| S-EPMC8345860 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The properties of the very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) receptor have been studied in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells stably transfected with human VLDL-receptor cDNA and compared with those of the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor expressed under the same conditions. Immunoblotting showed that the cells produced a mature VLDL receptor protein, of apparent Mr 123000 on non-reduced and 158000 on reduced gels, that was less extensively glycosylated than the LDL receptor. The VLDL receptor was more slowly processed than the LDL receptor, with only approx. 70% of the precursor being converted into the mature protein. Nevertheless, the majority of the receptor in the cells was in the mature form, and most of this was present on the cell surface. The human VLDL receptor bound rabbit very-low-density lipoprotein with beta electrophoretic mobility (betaVLDL), but not human LDL, and uptake through the receptor led to stimulation of oleate incorporation into cholesteryl esters. At 37 degrees C, the characteristics of VLDL-receptor-mediated uptake and degradation of betaVLDL were essentially the same as those mediated by the LDL receptor. However, the VLDL receptor apparently did not show the increase in affinity and decrease in binding of betaVLDL on cooling to 4 degrees C that was exhibited by the LDL receptor. Thus the overexpressed VLDL receptor in CHO cells appears to behave as a lipoprotein receptor with similar, but not identical, properties to the LDL receptor.
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