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X chromosome-wide analyses of genomic DNA methylation states and gene expression in male and female neutrophils.


ABSTRACT: The DNA methylation status of human X chromosomes from male and female neutrophils was identified by high-throughput sequencing of HpaII and MspI digested fragments. In the intergenic and intragenic regions on the X chromosome, the sites outside CpG islands were heavily hypermethylated to the same degree in both genders. Nearly half of X chromosome promoters were either hypomethylated or hypermethylated in both females and males. Nearly one third of X chromosome promoters were a mixture of hypomethylated and heterogeneously methylated sites in females and were hypomethylated in males. Thus, a large fraction of genes that are silenced on the inactive X chromosome are hypomethylated in their promoter regions. These genes frequently belong to the evolutionarily younger strata of the X chromosome. The promoters that were hypomethylated at more than two sites contained most of the genes that escaped silencing on the inactive X chromosome. The overall levels of expression of X-linked genes were indistinguishable in females and males, regardless of the methylation state of the inactive X chromosome. Thus, in addition to DNA methylation, other factors are involved in the fine tuning of gene dosage compensation in neutrophils.

SUBMITTER: Yasukochi Y 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC2840519 | biostudies-literature | 2010 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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X chromosome-wide analyses of genomic DNA methylation states and gene expression in male and female neutrophils.

Yasukochi Yukio Y   Maruyama Osamu O   Mahajan Milind C MC   Padden Carolyn C   Euskirchen Ghia M GM   Schulz Vincent V   Hirakawa Hideki H   Kuhara Satoru S   Pan Xing-Hua XH   Newburger Peter E PE   Snyder Michael M   Weissman Sherman M SM  

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 20100202 8


The DNA methylation status of human X chromosomes from male and female neutrophils was identified by high-throughput sequencing of HpaII and MspI digested fragments. In the intergenic and intragenic regions on the X chromosome, the sites outside CpG islands were heavily hypermethylated to the same degree in both genders. Nearly half of X chromosome promoters were either hypomethylated or hypermethylated in both females and males. Nearly one third of X chromosome promoters were a mixture of hypom  ...[more]

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