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Virulence-related Mycobacterium avium subsp hominissuis MAV_2928 gene is associated with vacuole remodeling in macrophages.

ABSTRACT: Mycobacterium avium subsp hominissuis (previously Mycobacterium avium subsp avium) is an environmental organism associated with opportunistic infections in humans. Mycobacterium hominissuis infects and replicates within mononuclear phagocytes. Previous study characterized an attenuated mutant in which the PPE gene (MAV_2928) homologous to Rv1787 was inactivated. This mutant, in contrast to the wild-type bacterium, was shown both to have impaired the ability to replicate within macrophages and to have prevented phagosome/lysosome fusion.MAV_2928 gene is primarily upregulated upon phagocytosis. The transcriptional profile of macrophages infected with the wild-type bacterium and the mutant were examined using DNA microarray, which showed that the two bacteria interact uniquely with mononuclear phagocytes. Based on the results, it was hypothesized that the phagosome environment and vacuole membrane of the wild-type bacterium might differ from the mutant. Wild-type bacterium phagosomes expressed a number of proteins different from those infected with the mutant. Proteins on the phagosomes were confirmed by fluorescence microscopy and Western blot. The environment in the phagosome of macrophages infected with the mutant differed from the environment of vacuoles with M. hominissuis wild-type in the concentration of zinc, manganese, calcium and potassium.The results suggest that the MAV_2928 gene/operon might participate in the establishment of bacterial intracellular environment in macrophages.

SUBMITTER: Jha SS

PROVIDER: S-EPMC2882924 | biostudies-literature | 2010 Apr

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Virulence-related Mycobacterium avium subsp hominissuis MAV_2928 gene is associated with vacuole remodeling in macrophages.

Jha Samradhni S SS Danelishvili Lia L Wagner Dirk D Maser Jörg J Li Yong-jun YJ Moric Ivana I Vogt Steven S Yamazaki Yoshitaka Y Lai Barry B Bermudez Luiz E LE

BMC microbiology 20100401

<h4>Background</h4>Mycobacterium avium subsp hominissuis (previously Mycobacterium avium subsp avium) is an environmental organism associated with opportunistic infections in humans. Mycobacterium hominissuis infects and replicates within mononuclear phagocytes. Previous study characterized an attenuated mutant in which the PPE gene (MAV_2928) homologous to Rv1787 was inactivated. This mutant, in contrast to the wild-type bacterium, was shown both to have impaired the ability to replicate within ...[more]

PMID: 20359357

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Project description:Nontuberculous mycobacterial infections caused by the opportunistic pathogen Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis (MAH) are currently receiving renewed attention due to increased incidence combined with difficult treatment. Insights into the disease-causing mechanisms of this species have been hampered by difficulties in genetic manipulation of the bacteria. Here, we identified and sequenced a highly transformable, virulent MAH clinical isolate susceptible to high-density transposon mutagenesis, facilitating global gene disruption and subsequent investigation of MAH gene function. By transposon insertion sequencing (TnSeq) of this strain, we defined the MAH genome-wide genetic requirement for virulence and in vitro growth and organized ?3,500 identified transposon mutants for hypothesis-driven research. The majority (96%) of the genes we identified as essential for MAH in vitro had a mutual ortholog in the related and highly virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). However, passaging our library through a mouse model of infection revealed a substantial number (54% of total hits) of novel virulence genes. More than 97% of the MAH virulence genes had a mutual ortholog in Mtb Finally, we validated novel genes required for successful MAH infection: one encoding a probable major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporter and another encoding a hypothetical protein located in the immediate vicinity of six other identified virulence genes. In summary, we provide new, fundamental insights into the underlying genetic requirement of MAH for growth and host infection.IMPORTANCE Pulmonary disease caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria is increasing worldwide. The majority of these infections are caused by the Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), whereof >90% are due to Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis (MAH). Treatment of MAH infections is currently difficult, with a combination of antibiotics given for at least 12?months. To control MAH by improved therapy, prevention, and diagnostics, we need to understand the underlying mechanisms of infection. Here, we provide crucial insights into MAH's global genetic requirements for growth and infection. We find that the vast majority of genes required for MAH growth and virulence (96% and 97%, respectively) have mutual orthologs in the tuberculosis-causing pathogen M. tuberculosis (Mtb). However, we also find growth and virulence genes specific to MAC species. Finally, we validate novel mycobacterial virulence factors that might serve as future drug targets for MAH-specific treatment or translate to broader treatment of related mycobacterial diseases.

Project description:BackgroundMany efforts have been made to understand basal mechanisms of mycobacterial infections. Macrophages are the first line of host immune defence to encounter and eradicate mycobacteria. Pathogenic species have evolved different mechanisms to evade host response, e.g. by influencing macrophage apoptotic pathways. However, the underlying molecular regulation is not fully understood. A new layer of eukaryotic regulation of gene expression is constituted by microRNAs. Therefore, we present a comprehensive study for identification of these key regulators and their targets in the context of host macrophage response to mycobacterial infections.Methodology/principal findingsWe performed microRNA as well as mRNA expression analysis of human monocyte derived macrophages infected with several Mycobacterium avium hominissuis strains by means of microarrays as well as quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). The data revealed the ability of all strains to inhibit apoptosis by transcriptional regulation of BCL2 family members. Accordingly, at 48 h after infection macrophages infected with all M. avium strains showed significantly decreased caspase 3 and 7 activities compared to the controls. Expression of let-7e, miR-29a and miR-886-5p were increased in response to mycobacterial infection at 48 h. The integrated analysis of microRNA and mRNA expression as well as target prediction pointed out regulative networks identifying caspase 3 and 7 as potential targets of let-7e and miR-29a, respectively. Consecutive reporter assays verified the regulation of caspase 3 and 7 by these microRNAs.Conclusions/significanceWe show for the first time that mycobacterial infection of human macrophages causes a specific microRNA response. We furthermore outlined a regulatory network of potential interactions between microRNAs and mRNAs. This study provides a theoretical concept for unveiling how distinct mycobacteria could manipulate host cell response. In addition, functional relevance was confirmed by uncovering the control of major caspases 3 and 7 by let-7e and miR-29a, respectively.

Dataset Information

Virulence-related Mycobacterium avium subsp hominissuis MAV_2928 gene is associated with vacuole remodeling in macrophages.

Publications

Virulence-related Mycobacterium avium subsp hominissuis MAV_2928 gene is associated with vacuole remodeling in macrophages.

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