Dataset Information

Short-term changes in respiratory biomarkers after swimming in a chlorinated pool.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Swimming in chlorinated pools involves exposure to disinfection by-products (DBPs) and has been associated with impaired respiratory health. OBJECTIVES: We evaluated short-term changes in several respiratory biomarkers to explore mechanisms of potential lung damage related to swimming pool exposure. METHODS: We measured lung function and biomarkers of airway inflammation [fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), eight cytokines, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in exhaled breath condensate], oxidative stress (8-isoprostane in exhaled breath condensate), and lung permeability [surfactant protein D (SP-D) and the Clara cell secretory protein (CC16) in serum] in 48 healthy nonsmoking adults before and after they swam for 40 min in a chlorinated indoor swimming pool. We measured trihalomethanes in exhaled breath as a marker of individual exposure to DBPs. Energy expenditure during swimming, atopy, and CC16 genotype (rs3741240) were also determined. RESULTS: Median serum CC16 levels increased from 6.01 to 6.21 microg/L (average increase, 3.3%; paired Wilcoxon test p = 0.03), regardless of atopic status and CC16 genotype. This increase was explained both by energy expenditure and different markers of DBP exposure in multivariate models. FeNO was unchanged overall but tended to decrease among atopics. We found no significant changes in lung function, SP-D, 8-isoprostane, eight cytokines, or VEGF. CONCLUSIONS: We detected a slight increase in serum CC16, a marker of lung epithelium permeability, in healthy adults after they swam in an indoor chlorinated pool. Exercise and DBP exposure explained this association, without involving inflammatory mechanisms. Further research is needed to confirm the results, establish the clinical relevance of short-term serum CC16 changes, and evaluate the long-term health impacts.

SUBMITTER: Font-Ribera L

PROVIDER: S-EPMC2974690 | biostudies-literature | 2010 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Short-term changes in respiratory biomarkers after swimming in a chlorinated pool.

Font-Ribera Laia L Kogevinas Manolis M Zock Jan-Paul JP Gómez Federico P FP Barreiro Esther E Nieuwenhuijsen Mark J MJ Fernandez Pilar P Lourencetti Carolina C Pérez-Olabarría Maitane M Bustamante Mariona M Marcos Ricard R Grimalt Joan O JO Villanueva Cristina M CM

Environmental health perspectives 20101101 11

<h4>Background</h4>Swimming in chlorinated pools involves exposure to disinfection by-products (DBPs) and has been associated with impaired respiratory health.<h4>Objectives</h4>We evaluated short-term changes in several respiratory biomarkers to explore mechanisms of potential lung damage related to swimming pool exposure.<h4>Methods</h4>We measured lung function and biomarkers of airway inflammation [fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), eight cytokines, and vascular endothelial growth facto ...[more]

PMID: 20833607

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Project description:Heterotrophic respiration contributes a substantial fraction of the carbon flux from soil to atmosphere, and responds strongly to environmental conditions. However, the mechanisms through which short-term changes in environmental conditions affect microbial respiration still remain unclear. Microorganisms cope with adverse environmental conditions by transitioning into and out of dormancy, a state in which they minimize rates of metabolism and respiration. These transitions are poorly characterized in soil and are generally omitted from decomposition models. Most current approaches to model microbial control over soil CO2 production relate responses to total microbial biomass (TMB) and do not differentiate between microorganisms in active and dormant physiological states. Indeed, few data for active microbial biomass (AMB) exist with which to compare model output. Here, we tested the hypothesis that differences in soil microbial respiration rates across various environmental conditions are more closely related to differences in AMB (e.g., due to activation of dormant microorganisms) than in TMB. We measured basal respiration (SBR) of soil incubated for a week at two temperatures (24 and 33°C) and two moisture levels (10 and 20% soil dry weight [SDW]), and then determined TMB, AMB, microbial specific growth rate, and the lag time before microbial growth (t lag ) using the Substrate-Induced Growth Response (SIGR) method. As expected, SBR was more strongly correlated with AMB than with TMB. This relationship indicated that each g active biomass C contributed ~0.04 g CO2-C h(-1) of SBR. TMB responded very little to short-term changes in temperature and soil moisture and did not explain differences in SBR among the treatments. Maximum specific growth rate did not respond to environmental conditions, suggesting that the dominant microbial populations remained similar. However, warmer temperatures and increased soil moisture both reduced t lag , indicating that favorable abiotic conditions activated soil microorganisms. We conclude that soil respiratory responses to short-term changes in environmental conditions are better explained by changes in AMB than in TMB. These results suggest that decomposition models that explicitly represent microbial carbon pools should take into account the active microbial pool, and researchers should be cautious in comparing modeled microbial pool sizes with measurements of TMB.

Project description:Trihalomethanes (THM) are a class of disinfection by-products in chlorinated waters linked to deleterious health effects in humans although biological mechanisms are unclear. We aimed to study short-term changes in blood gene expression of adult recreational swimmers associated with physical activity and THM exposure. Adult volunteers (18-50 years, non-smokers, non-asthmatics) swam 40 minutes in an indoor chlorinated pool in Barcelona. Blood samples and THM measurements in exhaled breath were collected before and 5 min/1h after swimming, respectively. Physical activity intensity was calculated as metabolic equivalents (METs). Gene expression in whole blood RNA was evaluated using Illumina HumanHT-12v3 Expression-BeadChip. Linear mixed models, Gene Set Enrichment Analyses-GSEA and mediation analyses were used. The study population comprised 37 before-after pairs, with mean age 31 years (SD: 6.0), 60% female, and average changes before-after swimming of 1.75 METs (SD: 1.36) and 0.23 µg/m3 of exhaled bromoform (SD: 0.23). Among THM, bromoform yielded the strongest effect on gene expression changes. Eighty eight probes were associated with bromoform, 326 probes with MET and 77 probes overlapped. In mutually adjusted models, 15 probes remained significant for MET after False Discovery Rate (FDR). Although not FDR significant, in 23 nominally significant probes (p-value <0.05), fulfilling criteria for exploring mediation, 29.5 to 53.4% of MET effect was mediated by exhaled bromoform. Individual genes in this subset and the GSEA of the mutually adjusted gene lists of bromoform and MET were associated with pathways related to inflammatory/immune response and to several cancers. In this first study evaluating short-term gene expression changes associated with swimming in a chlorinated pool, changes in gene expression were observed in association with physical activity with part of this effect mediated through bromoform exposure. Identified genes were correlated with inflammatory, immune response and cancer pathways. These results need replication in larger studies.

Project description:Trihalomethanes (THM) are a class of disinfection by-products in chlorinated waters linked to deleterious health effects in humans although biological mechanisms are unclear. We aimed to study short-term changes in blood gene expression of adult recreational swimmers associated with physical activity and THM exposure. Adult volunteers (18-50 years, non-smokers, non-asthmatics) swam 40 minutes in an indoor chlorinated pool in Barcelona. Blood samples and THM measurements in exhaled breath were collected before and 5 min/1h after swimming, respectively. Physical activity intensity was calculated as metabolic equivalents (METs). Gene expression in whole blood RNA was evaluated using Illumina HumanHT-12v3 Expression-BeadChip. Linear mixed models, Gene Set Enrichment Analyses-GSEA and mediation analyses were used. The study population comprised 37 before-after pairs, with mean age 31 years (SD: 6.0), 60% female, and average changes before-after swimming of 1.75 METs (SD: 1.36) and 0.23 Âµg/m3 of exhaled bromoform (SD: 0.23). Among THM, bromoform yielded the strongest effect on gene expression changes. Eighty eight probes were associated with bromoform, 326 probes with MET and 77 probes overlapped. In mutually adjusted models, 15 probes remained significant for MET after False Discovery Rate (FDR). Although not FDR significant, in 23 nominally significant probes (p-value <0.05), fulfilling criteria for exploring mediation, 29.5 to 53.4% of MET effect was mediated by exhaled bromoform. Individual genes in this subset and the GSEA of the mutually adjusted gene lists of bromoform and MET were associated with pathways related to inflammatory/immune response and to several cancers. In this first study evaluating short-term gene expression changes associated with swimming in a chlorinated pool, changes in gene expression were observed in association with physical activity with part of this effect mediated through bromoform exposure. Identified genes were correlated with inflammatory, immune response and cancer pathways. These results need replication in larger studies. Expression profile differences were determined between total RNA extracted before and after exposure to trihalomethanes present in swimming pool water for 40 minute from whole blood samples from 33 healthy human individuals.

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Short-term changes in respiratory biomarkers after swimming in a chlorinated pool.

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Short-term changes in respiratory biomarkers after swimming in a chlorinated pool.

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