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Enzymatic formation of apo-carotenoids from the xanthophyll carotenoids lutein, zeaxanthin and ?-cryptoxanthin by ferret carotene-9',10'-monooxygenase.

ABSTRACT: Xanthophyll carotenoids, such as lutein, zeaxanthin and ?-cryptoxanthin, may provide potential health benefits against chronic and degenerative diseases. Investigating pathways of xanthophyll metabolism are important to understanding their biological functions. Carotene-15,15'-monooxygenase (CMO1) has been shown to be involved in vitamin A formation, while recent studies suggest that carotene-9',10'-monooxygenase (CMO2) may have a broader substrate specificity than previously recognized. In this in vitro study, we investigated baculovirus-generated recombinant ferret CMO2 cleavage activity towards the carotenoid substrates zeaxanthin, lutein and ?-cryptoxanthin. Utilizing HPLC, LC-MS and GC-MS, we identified both volatile and non-volatile apo-carotenoid products including 3-OH-?-ionone, 3-OH-?-ionone, ?-ionone, 3-OH-?-apo-10'-carotenal, 3-OH-?-apo-10'-carotenal, and ?-apo-10'-carotenal, indicating cleavage at both the 9,10 and 9',10' carbon-carbon double bond. Enzyme kinetic analysis indicated the xanthophylls zeaxanthin and lutein are preferentially cleaved over ?-cryptoxanthin, indicating a key role of CMO2 in non-provitamin A carotenoid metabolism. Furthermore, incubation of 3-OH-?-apo-10'-carotenal with CMO2 lysate resulted in the formation of 3-OH-?-ionone. In the presence of NAD(+), in vitro incubation of 3-OH-?-apo-10'-carotenal with ferret hepatic homogenates formed 3-OH-?-apo-10'-carotenoic acid. Since apo-carotenoids serve as important signaling molecules in a variety of biological processes, enzymatic cleavage of xanthophylls by mammalian CMO2 represents a new avenue of research regarding vertebrate carotenoid metabolism and biological function.

SUBMITTER: Mein JR

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3026080 | biostudies-literature | 2011 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Enzymatic formation of apo-carotenoids from the xanthophyll carotenoids lutein, zeaxanthin and β-cryptoxanthin by ferret carotene-9',10'-monooxygenase.

Mein Jonathan R JR Dolnikowski Gregory G GG Ernst Hansgeorg H Russell Robert M RM Wang Xiang-Dong XD

Archives of biochemistry and biophysics 20101121 1

Xanthophyll carotenoids, such as lutein, zeaxanthin and β-cryptoxanthin, may provide potential health benefits against chronic and degenerative diseases. Investigating pathways of xanthophyll metabolism are important to understanding their biological functions. Carotene-15,15'-monooxygenase (CMO1) has been shown to be involved in vitamin A formation, while recent studies suggest that carotene-9',10'-monooxygenase (CMO2) may have a broader substrate specificity than previously recognized. In this ...[more]

PMID: 21081106

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Project description:Despite strong biological plausibility, evidence from epidemiologic studies and clinical trials on the relations between intakes of lutein and zeaxanthin and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) has been inconsistent. The roles of other carotenoids are less thoroughly investigated.To investigate the associations between intakes of carotenoids and AMD.Prospective cohort study, with cohorts from the Nurses' Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study in the United States. A total of 63,443 women and 38,603 men were followed up, from 1984 until May 31, 2010, in the Nurses' Health Study and from 1986 until January 31, 2010, in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. All participants were aged 50 years or older and were free of diagnosed AMD, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and cancer at baseline.Predicted plasma carotenoid scores were computed directly from food intake, assessed by repeated food frequency questionnaires at baseline and follow-up, using validated regression models to account for bioavailability and reporting validity of different foods, and associations between predicted plasma carotenoid scores and AMD were determined.We confirmed 1361 incident intermediate and 1118 advanced AMD cases (primarily neovascular AMD) with a visual acuity of 20/30 or worse by medical record review. Comparing extreme quintiles of predicted plasma lutein/zeaxanthin score, we found a risk reduction for advanced AMD of about 40% in both women and men (pooled relative risk comparing extreme quintiles?=?0.59; 95% CI, 0.48-0.73; P for trend?<?.001). Predicted plasma carotenoid scores for other carotenoids, including ?-cryptoxanthin, ?-carotene, and ?-carotene, were associated with a 25% to 35% lower risk of advanced AMD when comparing extreme quintiles. The relative risk comparing extreme quintiles for the predicted plasma total carotenoid index was 0.65 (95% CI, 0.53-0.80; P for trend?<?.001). We did not identify any associations of carotenoids, either as predicted plasma score or calculated intake, with intermediate AMD.Higher intake of bioavailable lutein/zeaxanthin is associated with a long-term reduced risk of advanced AMD. Given that some other carotenoids are also associated with a lower risk, a public health strategy aimed at increasing dietary consumption of a wide variety of fruits and vegetables rich in carotenoids may reduce the incidence of advanced AMD.

Dataset Information

Enzymatic formation of apo-carotenoids from the xanthophyll carotenoids lutein, zeaxanthin and ?-cryptoxanthin by ferret carotene-9',10'-monooxygenase.

Publications

Enzymatic formation of apo-carotenoids from the xanthophyll carotenoids lutein, zeaxanthin and β-cryptoxanthin by ferret carotene-9',10'-monooxygenase.

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