Why is ethylene involved in selective promotion of female flower development in cucumber?
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Sun JJ
PROVIDER: S-EPMC3115196 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:In cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), the differentiation and development of female flowers are important processes that directly affect the fruit yield and quality. Sex differentiation is mainly controlled by three ethylene synthase genes, F (CsACS1G), M (CsACS2), and A (CsACS11). Thus, ethylene plays a key role in the sex differentiation in cucumber. The "one-hormone hypothesis" posits that F and M regulate the ethylene levels and initiate female flower development in cucumber. Nonetheless, the precise molecular mechanism of this process remains elusive. To investigate the mechanism by which F and M regulate the sex phenotype, three cucumber near-isogenic lines, namely H34 (FFmmAA, hermaphroditic), G12 (FFMMAA, gynoecious), and M12 (ffMMAA, monoecious), with different F and M loci were generated. The transcriptomic analysis of the apical shoots revealed that the expression of the B-class floral homeotic genes, CsPI (Csa4G358770) and CsAP3 (Csa3G865440), was immensely suppressed in G12 (100% female flowers) but highly expressed in M12 (∼90% male flowers). In contrast, CAG2 (Csa1G467100), which is an AG-like C-class floral homeotic gene, was specifically highly expressed in G12. Thus, the initiation of female flowers is likely to be caused by the downregulation of B-class and upregulation of C-class genes by ethylene production in the floral primordium. Additionally, CsERF31, which was highly expressed in G12, showed temporal and spatial expression patterns similar to those of M and responded to the ethylene-related chemical treatments. The biochemical experiments further demonstrated that CsERF31 could directly bind the promoter of M and promote its expression. Thus, CsERF31 responded to the ethylene signal derived from F and mediated the positive feedback regulation of ethylene by activating M expression, which offers an extended "one-hormone hypothesis" of sex differentiation in cucumber.
| S-EPMC6102477 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Unisexual flowers provide a useful system for studying plant sex determination. In cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), three major Mendelian loci control unisexual flower development, Female (F), androecious [a; 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate {ACC} synthase 11, acs11], and Monoecious (M; ACS2), referred to here as the Female, Androecious, Monoecious (FAM) model, in combination with two genes, gynoecious (g, the WIP family C2H2 zinc finger transcription factor gene WIP1) and the ethylene biosynthetic gene ACC oxidase 2 (ACO2). The F locus, conferring gynoecy and the potential for increasing fruit yield, is defined by a 30.2-kb tandem duplication containing three genes. However, the gene that determines the Female phenotype, and its mechanism, remains unknown. Here, we created a set of mutants and revealed that ACS1G is responsible for gynoecy conferred by the F locus. The duplication resulted in ACS1G acquiring a new promoter and expression pattern; in plants carrying the F locus duplication, ACS1G is expressed early in floral bud development, where it functions with ACO2 to generate an ethylene burst. The resulting ethylene represses WIP1 and activates ACS2 to initiate gynoecy. This early ACS1G expression bypasses the need for ACS11 to produce ethylene, thereby establishing a dominant pathway for female floral development. Based on these findings, we propose a model for how these ethylene biosynthesis genes cooperate to control unisexual flower development in cucumber.
| S-EPMC8136878 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The mechanisms involved in adventitious root formation reflect the adaptability of plants to the environment. Moreover, the rooting process is regulated by endogenous hormone signals. Ethylene, a signaling hormone molecule, has been shown to play an essential role in the process of root development. In the present study, in order to explore the relationship between the ethylene-induced adventitious rooting process and photosynthesis and energy metabolism, the iTRAQ technique and proteomic analysis were employed to ascertain the expression of different proteins that occur during adventitious rooting in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings. Out of the 5,014 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), there were 115 identified DEPs, among which 24 were considered related to adventitious root development. Most of the identified proteins were related to carbon and energy metabolism, photosynthesis, transcription, translation and amino acid metabolism. Subsequently, we focused on S-adenosylmethionine synthase (SAMS) and ATP synthase subunit a (AtpA). Our findings suggest that the key enzyme, SAMS, upstream of ethylene synthesis, is directly involved in adventitious root development in cucumber. Meanwhile, AtpA may be positively correlated with photosynthetic capacity during adventitious root development. Moreover, endogenous ethylene synthesis, photosynthesis, carbon assimilation capacity, and energy material metabolism were enhanced by exogenous ethylene application during adventitious rooting. In conclusion, endogenous ethylene synthesis can be improved by exogenous ethylene additions to stimulate the induction and formation of adventitious roots. Moreover, photosynthesis and starch degradation were enhanced by ethylene treatment to provide more energy and carbon sources for the rooting process.
| S-EPMC8034359 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Ethylene, as a signaling hormone molecule, is proved to have essential role in the process of root development. In the present study, cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings were employed to estimate differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) during the adventitious rooting using iTRAQ technique and proteomics analysis. Out of the 5014 DEPs, 115 DEPs were considered as identified proteins, and among them, 24 DEPs are interesting proteins abundance.
2020-01-15 | PXD016444 | Pride
Project description:A methanesulfonate-generated mutant has been identified in Cucurbita pepo that alters sex determination. The mutation converts female into hermaphrodite flowers and disrupts the growth rate and maturation of petals and carpels, delaying female flower opening, and promoting the growth rate of ovaries and the parthenocarpic development of the fruit. Whole-genome resequencing allowed identification of the causal mutation of the phenotypes as a missense mutation in the coding region of CpACO1A, which encodes for a type I ACO enzyme that shares a high identity with Cucumis sativus CsACO3 and Cucumis melo CmACO1. The so-called aco1a reduced ACO1 activity and ethylene production in the different organs where the gene is expressed, and reduced ethylene sensitivity in flowers. Other sex-determining genes, such as CpACO2B, CpACS11A, and CpACS27A, were differentially expressed in the mutant, indicating that ethylene provided by CpACO1A but also the transcriptional regulation of CpACO1A, CpACO2B, CpACS11A, and CpACS27A are responsible for determining the fate of the floral meristem toward a female flower, promoting the development of carpels and arresting the development of stamens. The positive regulation of ethylene on petal maturation and flower opening can be mediated by inducing the biosynthesis of JA, while its negative control on ovary growth and fruit set could be mediated by its repressive effect on IAA biosynthesis.
| S-EPMC8818733 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is an important vegetable crop, which is thermophilic not heat resistant. High-temperature stress always results in sterility at reproductive stage. In the present study, we evaluate the male flower developmental changes under normal (CK) and heat stress (HS) condition. After HS, the activities of peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) were increased. In addition, the pollen fertility was significantly decreased; and abnormal tapetum and microspore were observed by paraffin section. Transcriptome analysis results presented that total of 5828 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified after HS. Among these DEGs, 20 DEGs were found at four stages, including DNA binding transcription factor, glycosyltransferase, and wound-responsive family protein. The gene ontology term of carbohydrate metabolic process was significantly enriched in all anther stages, and many saccharides and starch synthase-related genes, such as invertase, sucrose synthase, and starch branching enzyme, were significantly different expressed in HS compared with CK. Furthermore, co-expression network analysis showed a module (midnightblue) strongly consistent with HS, and two hub genes (CsaV3_6G004180 and CsaV3_5G034860) were found with a high degree of connectivity to other genes. Our results provide comprehensive understandings on male flower development in cucumber under HS.
| S-EPMC8570340 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The phytohormone auxin is essential for plant growth and development, and YUCCA (YUC) proteins catalyze a rate-limiting step for endogenous auxin biosynthesis. Despite YUC family genes have been isolated from several species, systematic expression analyses of YUCs in response to abiotic stress are lacking, and little is known about the function of YUC homologs in agricultural crops. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is a world cultivated vegetable crop with great economical and nutritional value. In this study, we isolated 10 YUC family genes (CsYUCs) from cucumber and explored their expression pattern under four types of stress treatments. Our data showed that CsYUC8 and CsYUC9 were specifically upregulated to elevate the auxin level under high temperature. CsYUC10b was dramatically increased but CsYUC4 was repressed in response to low temperature. CsYUC10a and CsYUC11 act against the upregulation of CsYUC10b under salinity stress, suggesting that distinct YUC members participate in different stress response, and may even antagonize each other to maintain the proper auxin levels in cucumber. Further, CsYUC11 was specifically expressed in the male flower in cucumber, and enhanced tolerance to salinity stress and regulated pedicel and stamen development through auxin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis.
| S-EPMC4746583 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The timing of flower opening is essential for pollination and thus seed production. Despite flower opening has been a long lasting topic for plant biologists, the underling molecular mechansim remains elusive. Here we used a unique cucumber line ‘6457’ that spontaneously produces super ovary with delayed corolla opening as material, and explored the physiological, cytological, nutritional and transcriptomic reasons for the delayed corolla opening in super ovary. Our data showed that cell division and cell expansion persisited for a longer period of time in the super ovary, especially during the green yellow bud stage and yellow bud stage. Similarly, RNA-seq analyses showed that RNA and protein synthesis related genes were upregulated during these two stages, which may account for the decreased nitrogen and phosphrate content in the super ovary. Further, activation of transcription factors were delayed in the green yellow bud stage, while signalling kinases related genes were upregulated in the yellow bud stage in the super ovary. Photosynthesis related genes were also significantly activated in the super ovary, which corresponds to the increased soluble suble content. Phytohoromones such as cytokinins and gibberllins were elevated in the super ovary. Consistently, cytokinins and gibberllins related genes showed significantly enhanced expression. Therefore, both developmental and nutritional factors regulate the timing of female flower opening in cucumber, and provide a valuable foundation for dissecting the underling regulatory pathways of flower opening in planta.
2016-07-25 | GSE76358 | GEO
Project description:The timing of flower opening is essential for pollination and thus seed production. Despite flower opening has been a long lasting topic for plant biologists, the underling molecular mechansim remains elusive. Here we used a unique cucumber line â6457â that spontaneously produces super ovary with delayed corolla opening as material, and explored the physiological, cytological, nutritional and transcriptomic reasons for the delayed corolla opening in super ovary. Our data showed that cell division and cell expansion persisited for a longer period of time in the super ovary, especially during the green yellow bud stage and yellow bud stage. Similarly, RNA-seq analyses showed that RNA and protein synthesis related genes were upregulated during these two stages, which may account for the decreased nitrogen and phosphrate content in the super ovary. Further, activation of transcription factors were delayed in the green yellow bud stage, while signalling kinases related genes were upregulated in the yellow bud stage in the super ovary. Photosynthesis related genes were also significantly activated in the super ovary, which corresponds to the increased soluble suble content. Phytohoromones such as cytokinins and gibberllins were elevated in the super ovary. Consistently, cytokinins and gibberllins related genes showed significantly enhanced expression. Therefore, both developmental and nutritional factors regulate the timing of female flower opening in cucumber, and provide a valuable foundation for dissecting the underling regulatory pathways of flower opening in planta. The normal ovary blooms at 4-5 days after labeling (when the ovary is visible) (DAL), with the majority blooms at 5 DAL, while the anthesis of super ovary occurs at 8-9 DALs, with most super ovaries blooms at 9 DAL.In the normal ovary, corolla at 1 DAL (N1), 3 DAL (N3), 4 DAL (N4), and 5 DAL (N5) is the typical stage for green bud, green yellow bud, yellow bud, and flowering, respectively, whereas in the super ovary, corolla at 1 DAL (S1) is the green bud, corolla at 3, 4 and 5 DAL (S3, S4, S5) is the green yellow bud, corolla at 7 and 8 DAL (S7, S8) is the yellow bud, and corolla at 9 DAL (S9) is the typical flowering stage.Transcriptome profiling of 11 stages include N1,N3,N4,N5,S1,S3,S4,S5,S7,S8 and S9 were performed, and each stage had 3 biological replicates.
2016-07-25 | E-GEOD-76358 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:March Flower (MF) and April Flower (AF) of female flowers of hickory Raw sequence reads
| PRJNA374512 | ENA