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Sex differences in the incidence and case fatality rates from hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in China, 2004-2008.

ABSTRACT: Differences between male and female individuals in response to infectious diseases are an overlooked global health problem.The relationship between sex and disease outcome was examined in populations of patients with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in mainland China, where most cases of hantavirus exposure occur. HFRS in China is diagnosed on the basis of symptoms and is confirmed with serological testing. The geographical distribution, incidence, and case fatality rates (CFRs) of HFRS in China were estimated and compared by patient sex and age. In a subset of patients with HFRS, clinical manifestations of HFRS were assessed using latent class analysis and compared by sex.There were 80,671 HFRS cases reported during the period 2004-2008, with a majority of HFRS cases (39.2%) occurring among individuals 20-39 years of age. The incidence of HFRS was higher among male patients than among female patients for all individuals >10 years of age. There were 945 deaths (CFR, 1.17%) due to HFRS in China during the period 2004-2008. CFRs were higher among women than among men between the ages of 20-39 and ? 50 years of age. There were no sex differences in the geographical distribution of HFRS cases or deaths. Although the prevalence of each clinical marker did not differ by sex, 2 profiles of clinical markers were identified that were related to both severity of disease and sex.These data illustrate a paradox in which the incidence of disease is greater for males, but the severity of disease outcome is worse for females. Several behavioral, societal, and biological factors are hypothesized to be involved.

SUBMITTER: Klein SL

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3146012 | biostudies-literature | 2011 Jun

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Sex differences in the incidence and case fatality rates from hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in China, 2004-2008.

Klein Sabra L SL Marks Morgan A MA Li Wei W Glass Gregory E GE Fang Li-Qun LQ Ma Jia-Qi JQ Cao Wu-Chun WC

Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 20110601 12

<h4>Background</h4>Differences between male and female individuals in response to infectious diseases are an overlooked global health problem.<h4>Methods</h4>The relationship between sex and disease outcome was examined in populations of patients with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in mainland China, where most cases of hantavirus exposure occur. HFRS in China is diagnosed on the basis of symptoms and is confirmed with serological testing. The geographical distribution, incidence, ...[more]

PMID: 21628481

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Project description:Background: Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is a tick-borne disease with high mortality. However, detailed analysis is lacking to explore the complex effect of sex with age or comorbidities. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was performed among 2,938 SFTS patients entered during 2011-2020 in Xinyang, China. The case fatality rate (CFR) was estimated for their association with sex, age, and comorbidities by an interactive way. The difference of immune response between sex was explored in an age dependent way. Results: An overall CFR of 15.3% (450/2,938) was obtained, which appeared to be higher in males than in females [17.7% vs. 13.6%, adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.24; 95% CI, 1.00-1.53; P = 0.048] and increased dramatically with age (P < 0.001). The associations between sex and SFTS fatal outcome were age-dependent and varied according to the status of comorbidities. The mortality-related risk conferred by older age was more pronounced in males, with aOR (95% CI) to be 5.76 (3.75-8.84) vs. 5.30 (3.54-7.95) in female. Sex-stratified analysis disclosed significant associations between death and comorbidities among female patients (aOR = 1.87, 95% CI: 1.40-2.49; P < 0.001), while none among males. Among females, the significant associations between presence of comorbidity and fatal outcome differed among age groups, with aOR (95% CI) decreased from 2.28 (1.16-4.46) in ≤60 years, to 2.06 (1.34-3.18) in 60-70 years and further to 1.55 (0.97-2.47) in >70 years. Altogether 194 SFTS patients were randomly selected for the test of B cells, natural killer (NK) cells, CD4 cells percentages, and anti-SFTSV IgM antibody level, the results revealed that males >60 years had significantly decreased percentages of B cells, CD4 cells, lower anti-SFTSV IgM antibody titer, and increased level of NK cells than male aged ≤60 years, while none of these age specific differences was observed in the females. This finding underlies the more pronounced age specific difference in CFR among male than female. Conclusions: Males had a significantly higher mortality of SFTS than did females, and more likely to be affected by aging for SFTS mortality. This difference can be explained by the effect from comorbidities and the host immunity. It is essential to take a sex- and age-based approach to SFTS treatment and management.

Project description:Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen that disproportionally affects pregnant females, older adults, and immunocompromised individuals. Using U.S. Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) surveillance data, we examined listeriosis incidence rates and rate ratios (RRs) by age, sex, race/ethnicity, and pregnancy status across three periods from 2008 to 2016, as recent incidence trends in U.S. subgroups had not been evaluated. The invasive listeriosis annual incidence rate per 100,000 for 2008-2016 was 0.28 cases among the general population (excluding pregnant females), and 3.73 cases among pregnant females. For adults ≥70 years, the annual incidence rate per 100,000 was 1.33 cases. No significant change in estimated listeriosis incidence was found over the 2008-2016 period, except for a small, but significantly lower pregnancy-associated rate in 2011-2013 when compared with 2008-2010. Among the nonpregnancy-associated cases, RRs increased with age from 0.43 (95% confidence interval: 0.25-0.73) for 0- to 14-year olds to 44.9 (33.5-60.0) for ≥85-year olds, compared with 15- to 44-year olds. Males had an incidence of 1.28 (1.12-1.45) times that of females. Compared with non-Hispanic whites, the incidence was 1.57 (1.18-1.20) times higher among non-Hispanic Asians, 1.49 (1.22-1.83) among non-Hispanic blacks, and 1.73 (1.15-2.62) among Hispanics. Among females of childbearing age, non-Hispanic Asian females had 2.72 (1.51-4.89) and Hispanic females 3.13 (2.12-4.89) times higher incidence than non-Hispanic whites. We observed a higher percentage of deaths among older patient groups compared with 15- to 44-year olds. This study is the first characterizing higher RRs for listeriosis in the United States among non-Hispanic blacks and Asians compared with non-Hispanic whites. This information for public health risk managers may spur further research to understand if differences in listeriosis rates relate to differences in consumption patterns of foods with higher contamination levels, food handling practices, comorbidities, immunodeficiencies, health care access, or other factors.

Project description:BACKGROUND: Since the end of the 1990s, the incidence of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) has been increasing dramatically in Changchun, northeastern China. However, it is unknown which, and how, underlying risk factors have been involved in the reemergence of the disease. METHODS: Data on HFRS cases at the county scale were collected from 1998 to 2012. Data on livestock husbandry including the numbers of large animals (cattle, horses, donkeys and mules), sheep, and deer, and on climatic and land cover variables were also collected. Epidemiological features, including the spatial, temporal and human patterns of disease were characterized. The potential factors related to spatial heterogeneity and temporal trends were analyzed using standard and time-series Poisson regression analysis, respectively. RESULTS: Annual incidence varied among the 10 counties. Shuangyang County in southeastern Changchun had the highest number of cases (1,525 cases; 35.9% of all cases), but its population only accounted for 5.6% of the total population. Based on seasonal pattern in HFRS incidence, two epidemic phases were identified. One was a single epidemic peak at the end of each year from 1988 to 1997 and the other consisted of dual epidemic peaks at both the end and the beginning of each year from 1998 to the end of the study period. HFRS incidence was higher in males compared to females, and most of the HFRS cases occurred in peasant populations. The results of the Poisson regression analysis indicated that the spatial distribution and the increasing incidence of HFRS were significantly associated with livestock husbandry and climate factors, particularly with deer cultivation. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that the re-emergence of HFRS in Changchun has been accompanied by changing seasonal patterns over the past 25 years. Integrated measures focusing on areas related to local livestock husbandry could be helpful for the prevention and control of HFRS.

Dataset Information

Sex differences in the incidence and case fatality rates from hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in China, 2004-2008.

Publications

Sex differences in the incidence and case fatality rates from hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in China, 2004-2008.

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