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Systolic blood pressure, socioeconomic status, and biobehavioral risk factors in a nationally representative US young adult sample.

ABSTRACT: In the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, a US longitudinal study of >15 000 young adults, we examined the extent to which socioeconomic status is linked to systolic blood pressure (SBP) and whether biobehavioral risk factors mediate the association. More than 62% of the participants had SBP >120 mm Hg and 12% had SBP >140 mm Hg. More than 66% were classified as at least overweight (body mass index >25 kg/m(2)), with >36% meeting criteria for at least class I obesity (body mass index >30 kg/m(2)). Multivariate models showed that higher household income and being married were independently associated with lower SBP. Higher body mass index, greater waist circumference, smoking, and higher alcohol intake were each independently associated with higher SBP. Meditational analyses suggested that higher education level was associated with lower SBP by way of lower body mass, smaller waist circumference, and lower resting heart rate. When these indirect effects were accounted for, education was not significantly associated with SBP. In contrast, household income remained associated with SBP even with control for all of the covariates. Results reinforce current public health concerns about rates of obesity and high blood pressure among young adults and suggest that disparities in education level and household income may play an important role in the observed decrements in health. Identifying modifiable mechanisms that link socioeconomic status to SBP using data from a large representative sample may improve risk stratification and guide the development of effective interventions.

SUBMITTER: Brummett BH

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3160108 | biostudies-literature | 2011 Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Systolic blood pressure, socioeconomic status, and biobehavioral risk factors in a nationally representative US young adult sample.

Brummett Beverly H BH Babyak Michael A MA Siegler Ilene C IC Shanahan Michael M Harris Kathleen Mullan KM Elder Glen H GH Williams Redford B RB

Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) 20110705 2

In the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, a US longitudinal study of >15 000 young adults, we examined the extent to which socioeconomic status is linked to systolic blood pressure (SBP) and whether biobehavioral risk factors mediate the association. More than 62% of the participants had SBP >120 mm Hg and 12% had SBP >140 mm Hg. More than 66% were classified as at least overweight (body mass index >25 kg/m(2)), with >36% meeting criteria for at least class I obesity (body mass in ...[more]

PMID: 21730296

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Project description:BackgroundWaterpipe tobacco (WT) smoking by young adults remains high and misperceptions are common. Product warnings can increase knowledge of harms and reduce use. The goal of this study was to test warning statements, including the FDA-required nicotine warning (prior to implementation), on young adults' thinking about harms of and discouragement from WT smoking.MethodsWe conducted a between-subjects experiment in a nationally representative telephone survey of 1152 young adults aged 18-29. Participants were randomly assigned to hear one of five warning statements and reported how much, on a 4-point scale, the warning made them think about the harms and discouraged them from WT smoking.ResultsThe sample was 36.8% female, 57.8% white, 20.2% Black, 24.1% Hispanic, with a mean age of 23.2 (SE = 0.25). Under half (43.5%) had ever smoked WT. There were significant differences among the statements on both thinking about harms (p < .0001) and discouragement (p < .0001). The FDA-required "nicotine" warning led to the lowest thinking about harms (M = 2.85, SE = 0.08) and was the least discouraging (M = 2.86, SE = 0.08), while the "100 cigarettes" warning resulted in the greatest thinking about harms (M = 3.62, SE = 0.05) and was the most discouraging (M = 3.56, SE = 0.06).ConclusionsThe nicotine warning resulted in the lowest levels of thinking about harms and discouragement from WT smoking, suggesting limited impact. However, a warning focused on comparing smoke inhalation from WT smoking to cigarettes seems promising. Warnings should cover a broad range of WT health effects, and possibly comparisons to cigarettes. Findings also have implications for the content of international waterpipe warnings.ImplicationsThis study indicates that the nicotine warning is the least effective at making young adults think about the harms of and discouraging WT smoking. The FDA and other countries should consider requiring warnings to cover a broader range of health harms, misperceptions, and possibly comparisons to cigarettes.

Project description:ObjectivesThe purpose of this paper is to describe the prevalence of depressive symptoms in the Chinese labor force; to explore the relationship between depressive symptoms and socioeconomic status among the Chinese labor force, including both the structural determinants and the intermediary determinants of health inequities; and to identify vulnerable populations who would benefit from intervention measures.MethodsData were from the China Labor-Force Dynamics Survey (CLDS) 2016. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) was used to assess depressive symptoms. The World Health Organization's theoretical framework of the social determinants of health was adopted to analyze the relationship between social determinants and depressive symptoms.ResultsOf the participants in the research from the Chinese labor force, 17.34% were identified as having depressive symptoms. Depression was significantly related to socioeconomic factors such as hukou status (p < 0.05 in the age < 45 model), education (p < 0.01 in all five models), employment (p < 0.05 in the male model), income (p < 0.05 in all five models), and self-assessed social class position (p < 0.01 in all five models). Intermediary factors were also related to depressive symptoms, such as gender (p < 0.001 in the overall model), age (p < 0.05 in the overall model), marriage (p < 0.05 in the female model), occupational exposure (p < 0.01 in the overall model), exercise (p < 0.05 in all five models), and health insurance (p < 0.05 in the overall model). The results showed that low socioeconomic status was associated with an increased risk of depression and there were some gradient changes in the distribution of depressive symptoms in socioeconomic status.ConclusionsThe findings showed that depression symptoms are significantly related to structural determinants and intermediary determinants in China's labor force. There are some gradient changes in the distribution of depressive symptoms among people of different socioeconomic status. Low socioeconomic status is associated with increased risk of depression. Women, older people, and single and divorced people are the relative vulnerable groups in China's labor force.

Dataset Information

Systolic blood pressure, socioeconomic status, and biobehavioral risk factors in a nationally representative US young adult sample.

Publications

Systolic blood pressure, socioeconomic status, and biobehavioral risk factors in a nationally representative US young adult sample.

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