Root tips moving through soil: an intrinsic vulnerability.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Curlango-Rivera G
PROVIDER: S-EPMC3172849 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Aluminum toxicity is one of the major limiting factors for many crops worldwide. The primary symptom of Al toxicity syndrome is the inhibition of root growth, leading to poor water and nutrient absorption. The causes of this inhibition are still elusive, with several biochemical pathways being affected and with a significant variation between species. Most of the work done so far to investigate the genes responsible for Al tolerance used hydroponic culture. Here we evaluated plant responses using soil as substrate, which is a condition closer to the field reality. We used Affymetrix chips to reveal the transcriptional changes of two maize genotypes contrasting for Al tolerance.
2010-09-20 | GSE21070 | GEO
Project description:Aluminum toxicity is one of the major limiting factors for many crops worldwide. The primary symptom of Al toxicity syndrome is the inhibition of root growth, leading to poor water and nutrient absorption. The causes of this inhibition are still elusive, with several biochemical pathways being affected and with a significant variation between species. Most of the work done so far to investigate the genes responsible for Al tolerance used hydroponic culture. Here we evaluated plant responses using soil as substrate, which is a condition closer to the field reality. We used Affymetrix chips to reveal the transcriptional changes of two maize genotypes contrasting for Al tolerance. Root tips from Cat100-6 (Al-tolerant) and S1587-17 (Al-sensitive) maize genotypes were harvested after growing on acid or control soil for 1 or 3 days. Total RNA was extracted and hybridized to Affymetrix GeneChip Maize Genome Array. Three biological replicates were used for each sample.
2010-09-20 | E-GEOD-21070 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:Plants use many strategies to move efficiently in soil, such as growth from the tip, tropic movements, and morphological changes. In this paper, we propose a method to translate morphological features of Zea mays roots into a new design of soft robots that will be able to move in soil. The method relies on image processing and curve fitting techniques to extract the profile of Z. mays primary root. We implemented an analytic translation of the root profile in a 3D model (CAD) to fabricate root-like probes by means of 3D printing technology. Then, we carried out a comparative analysis among the artificial root-like probe and probes with different tip shapes (cylindrical, conical, elliptical, and parabolic) and diameters (11, 9, 7, 5, and 3 mm). The results showed that the energy consumption and the penetration force of the bioinspired probe are better with respect to the other shapes for all the diameters of the developed probes. For 100 mm of penetration depth and 7 mm of probe diameter, the energy consumption of the bioinspired probe is 89% lesser with respect to the cylindrical probe and 26% lesser with respect to the conical probe. The penetration performance of the considered tip shapes was evaluated also by means of numerical simulations, obtaining a good agreement with the experimental results. Additional investigations on plant root morphology, movement strategies, and material properties can allow the development of innovative bioinspired solutions exploitable in challenging environments. This research can bring to breakthrough scenarios in different fields, such as exploration tasks, environmental monitoring, geotechnical studies, and medical applications.
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Project description:Maize is a globally important food, feed crop and raw material for the food and energy industry. Plant architecture optimization plays important roles in maize yield improvement. PIN-FORMED (PIN) proteins are important for regulating auxin spatiotemporal asymmetric distribution in multiple plant developmental processes. In this study, ZmPIN1a overexpression in maize increased the number of lateral roots and inhibited their elongation, forming a developed root system with longer seminal roots and denser lateral roots. ZmPIN1a overexpression reduced plant height, internode length and ear height. This modification of the maize phenotype increased the yield under high-density cultivation conditions, and the developed root system improved plant resistance to drought, lodging and a low-phosphate environment. IAA concentration, transport capacity determination and application of external IAA indicated that ZmPIN1a overexpression led to increased IAA transport from shoot to root. The increase in auxin in the root enabled the plant to allocate more carbohydrates to the roots, enhanced the growth of the root and improved plant resistance to environmental stress. These findings demonstrate that maize plant architecture can be improved by root breeding to create an ideal phenotype for further yield increases.
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Project description:Abscisic acid (ABA) plays an essential role in root hair elongation in plants, but the regulatory mechanism remains to be elucidated. In this study, we found that exogenous ABA can promote rice root hair elongation. Transgenic rice overexpressing SAPK10 (Stress/ABA-activated protein kinase 10) had longer root hairs; rice plants overexpressing OsABIL2 (OsABI-Like 2) had attenuated ABA signaling and shorter root hairs, suggesting that the effect of ABA on root hair elongation depends on the conserved PYR/PP2C/SnRK2 ABA signaling module. Treatment of the DR5-GUS and OsPIN-GUS lines with ABA and an auxin efflux inhibitor showed that ABA-induced root hair elongation depends on polar auxin transport. To examine the transcriptional response to ABA, we divided rice root tips into three regions: short root hair, long root hair and root tip zones; and conducted RNA-seq analysis with or without ABA treatment. Examination of genes involved in auxin transport, biosynthesis and metabolism indicated that ABA promotes auxin biosynthesis and polar auxin transport in the root tip, which may lead to auxin accumulation in the long root hair zone. Our findings shed light on how ABA regulates root hair elongation through crosstalk with auxin biosynthesis and transport to orchestrate plant development.
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Project description:Many attempts have been made to characterize the activities of brassinosteroids (BRs), which are important plant hormones. The crosstalk between light perception and the BR signalling pathway has been extensively studied regarding its effects on photomorphogenesis, especially in elongating etiolated hypocotyls. In contrast, how and where the light induces BR biosynthesis remain uncharacterized. DWF4 is one of the main enzymes involved in the BR biosynthesis pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana. We established DWF4-GUS A. thaliana lines in a homozygous dwf4-102 genetic background, but functionally complemented with a genomic DWF4 sequence fused in-frame with a β-glucuronidase (GUS) marker gene. The DWF4-GUS plants enabled the visualization of the accumulation of DWF4 under different conditions. We investigated the effects of aboveground light on root and hypocotyl growth. We observed that root length increased when shoots were maintained under light irrespective of whether roots were exposed to light. We also determined that light perception in aerial tissues enhanced DWF4 accumulation in the root tips. Overall, our data indicate that BR biosynthesis is promoted in the root tip regions by an unknown mechanism in distantly located shoot tissues exposed to light, leading to increased root growth.
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Project description:The plant hormone gibberellin (GA) represents an important regulator of growth and development. Early transcriptional events controlled by GA are not well characterised. Previous microarray studies have identified genes responsive to GA treatment in the whole seedling. The whole seedling represents many tissues where subtle effects of GA treatment in specific tissues may be masked. When treated with GA, an effect on the growth rate of roots was observed. More specifically, the shorter root of a GA-deficient plant can be rescued to wild-type length by the application of GA. This experiment was designed to identify GA-regulated genes in the root tips of Arabidopsis. The use of a GA-deficient mutant provides a greater potential to identify genes responding to GA treatment. Root tips are ideally suited for the quick uptake of the hormone treatment. There will be two biological replicates which will each consist of a control treatment at 0 minutes and 2 hours, as well as the experimental GA-treated 2 hour time point. This system provides an opportunity to compare gene expression between treated and non-treated root tips and allow the identification of early GA-responsive genes.
2010-04-20 | GSE20223 | GEO
Project description:Negative plant-soil feedback (NPSF) due to the buildup of soilborne pathogens in soil is a major obstacle in sustainable agricultural systems. Beneficial rhizosphere microfloras are recruited by plants, and mediating this has become a strategic priority to manipulate plant health. Here, we found that foliar infection of Panax notoginseng by Alternaria panax changed plant-soil feedback from negative to positive. Foliar infection modified the rhizosphere soil microbial community and reversed the direction of the buildup of the soilborne pathogen Ilyonectria destructans and beneficial microbes, including Trichoderma, Bacillus, and Streptomyces, in rhizosphere soil. These beneficial microbes not only showed antagonistic ability against the pathogen I. destructans but also enhanced the resistance of plants to A. panax. Foliar infection enhanced the exudation of short- and long-chain organic acids, sugars, and amino acids from roots. In vitro and in vivo experiments validated that short- and long-chain organic acids and sugars play dual roles in simultaneously suppressing pathogens but enriching beneficial microbes. In summary, foliar infection could change root secretion to drive shifts in the rhizosphere microbial community to enhance soil health, providing a new strategy to alleviate belowground disease in plants through aboveground inducement. IMPORTANCE Belowground soilborne disease is the main factor limiting sustainable agricultural production and is difficult to manage due to the complexity of the soil environment. Here, we found that aboveground parts of plants infected by foliar pathogens could enhance the secretion of organic acids, sugars, and amino acids in root exudates to suppress soilborne pathogens and enrich beneficial microbes, eventually changing the plant and soil feedback from negative to positive and alleviating belowground soilborne disease. This is an exciting strategy by which to achieve belowground soilborne disease management by manipulating the aboveground state through aboveground stimulation.
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Project description:BackgroundSoybean (Glycine max) production is significantly hampered by frequent droughts in many regions of the world including the United States. Identifying microRNA (miRNA)-controlled posttranscriptional gene regulation under drought will enhance our understanding of molecular basis of drought tolerance in this important cash crop. Indeed, miRNA profiles in soybean exposed to drought were studied but not from the primary root tips, which is not only a main zone of water uptake but also critical for water stress sensing and signaling.MethodsHere we report miRNA profiles specifically from well-watered and water-stressed primary root tips (0 to 8 mm from the root apex) of soybean. Small RNA sequencing confirmed the expression of vastly diverse miRNA (303 individual miRNAs) population, and, importantly several conserved miRNAs were abundantly expressed in primary root tips.ResultsNotably, 12 highly conserved miRNA families were differentially regulated in response to water-deficit; six were upregulated while six others were downregulated at least by one fold (log2) change. Differentially regulated soybean miRNAs are targeting genes include auxin response factors, Cu/Zn Superoxide dismutases, laccases and plantacyanin and several others.ConclusionsThese results highlighted the importance of miRNAs in primary root tips both under control and water-deficit conditions; under control conditions, miRNAs could be important for cell division, cell elongation and maintenance of the root apical meristem activity including quiescent centre whereas under water stress differentially regulated miRNAs could decrease auxin signaling and oxidative stress as well as other metabolic processes that save energy and water.
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Project description:The RETINOBLASTOMA–RELATED (RBR) is a key regulator of cell proliferation and differentiation in plants, and plays an important role in maintenance of the stem cell niche in the root. We used microarray analysis to characterize the transcriptional response of Arabidopsis thaliana root tips from rRBr mutant (7 samples) against Col-0 wild type (6 samples) after 4, 6 and 10 das.
2015-12-23 | GSE47715 | GEO