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Tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells induce tumor cell resistance to cytotoxic T cells in mice.

ABSTRACT: Cancer immunotherapeutic approaches induce tumor-specific immune responses, in particular CTL responses, in many patients treated. However, such approaches are clinically beneficial to only a few patients. We set out to investigate one possible explanation for the failure of CTLs to eliminate tumors, specifically, the concept that this failure is not dependent on inhibition of T cell function. In a previous study, we found that in mice, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a source of the free radical peroxynitrite (PNT). Here, we show that pre-treatment of mouse and human tumor cells with PNT or with MDSCs inhibits binding of processed peptides to tumor cell-associated MHC, and as a result, tumor cells become resistant to antigen-specific CTLs. This effect was abrogated in MDSCs treated with a PNT inhibitor. In a mouse model of tumor-associated inflammation in which the antitumor effects of antigen-specific CTLs are eradicated by expression of IL-1? in the tumor cells, we determined that therapeutic failure was not caused by more profound suppression of CTLs by IL-1?-expressing tumors than tumors not expressing this proinflammatory cytokine. Rather, therapeutic failure was a result of the presence of PNT. Clinical relevance for these data was suggested by the observation that myeloid cells were the predominant source of PNT in human lung, pancreatic, and breast cancer samples. Our data therefore suggest what we believe to be a novel mechanism of MDSC-mediated tumor cell resistance to CTLs.

SUBMITTER: Lu T

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3195459 | biostudies-literature | 2011 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells induce tumor cell resistance to cytotoxic T cells in mice.

Lu Tangying T Ramakrishnan Rupal R Altiok Soner S Youn Je-In JI Cheng Pingyan P Celis Esteban E Pisarev Vladimir V Sherman Simon S Sporn Michael B MB Gabrilovich Dmitry D

The Journal of clinical investigation 20110912 10

Cancer immunotherapeutic approaches induce tumor-specific immune responses, in particular CTL responses, in many patients treated. However, such approaches are clinically beneficial to only a few patients. We set out to investigate one possible explanation for the failure of CTLs to eliminate tumors, specifically, the concept that this failure is not dependent on inhibition of T cell function. In a previous study, we found that in mice, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a source of th ...[more]

PMID: 21911941

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Project description:Background & aimsImmune checkpoint inhibitors have limited efficacy in many tumors. We investigated mechanisms of tumor resistance to inhibitors of programmed cell death-1 (PDCD1, also called PD-1) in mice with gastric cancer, and the role of its ligand, PD-L1.MethodsGastrin-deficient mice were given N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) in drinking water along with Helicobacter felis to induce gastric tumor formation; we also performed studies with H/K-ATPase-hIL1B mice, which develop spontaneous gastric tumors at the antral-corpus junction and have parietal cells that constitutively secrete interleukin 1B. Mice were given injections of an antibody against PD-1 or an isotype control before tumors developed, or anti-PD-1 and 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin, or an antibody against lymphocyte antigen 6 complex locus G (also called Gr-1), which depletes myeloid-derived suppressor cells [MDSCs]), after tumors developed. We generated knock-in mice that express PD-L1 specifically in the gastric epithelium or myeloid lineage.ResultsWhen given to gastrin-deficient mice before tumors grew, anti-PD-1 significantly reduced tumor size and increased tumor infiltration by T cells. However, anti-PD-1 alone did not have significant effects on established tumors in these mice. Neither early nor late anti-PD-1 administration reduced tumor growth in the presence of MDSCs in H/K-ATPase-hIL-1β mice. The combination of 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin reduced MDSCs, increased numbers of intra-tumor CD8+ T cells, and increased the response of tumors to anti-PD-1; however, this resulted in increased tumor expression of PD-L1. Expression of PD-L1 by tumor or immune cells increased gastric tumorigenesis in mice given MNU. Mice with gastric epithelial cells that expressed PD-L1 did not develop spontaneous tumors, but they developed more and larger tumors after administration of MNU and H felis, with accumulation of MDSCs.ConclusionsIn mouse models of gastric cancer, 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin reduce numbers of MDSCs to increase the effects of anti-PD-1, which promotes tumor infiltration by CD8+ T cells. However, these chemotherapeutic agents also induce expression of PD-L1 by tumor cells. Expression of PD-L1 by gastric epithelial cells increases tumorigenesis in response to MNU and H felis, and accumulation of MDSCs, which promote tumor progression. The timing and site of PD-L1 expression is therefore important in gastric tumorigenesis and should be considered in design of therapeutic regimens.

Project description:Background:Adaptive immune resistance in the tumor microenvironment appears to attenuate the immunotherapeutic targeting of glioblastoma (GBM). In this study, we identified a tumor-infiltrating myeloid cell (TIM) population that expands in response to dendritic cell (DC) vaccine treatment. The aim of this study was to understand how this programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1)-expressing population restricts activation and tumor-cytolytic function of vaccine-induced tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). Methods:To test this hypothesis in our in vivo preclinical model, we treated mice bearing intracranial gliomas with DC vaccination ± murine anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) blockade or a colony stimulating factor 1 receptor inhibitor (CSF-1Ri) (PLX3397) and measured overall survival. We then harvested and characterized the PD-L1+ TIM population and its role in TIL activation and tumor cytolysis in vitro. Results:Our data indicated that the majority of PD-L1 expression in the GBM environment is contributed by TIMs rather than by tumor cells themselves. While PD-1 blockade partially reversed the TIL dysfunction, targeting TIMs directly with CSF-1Ri altered TIM expression of key chemotactic factors associated with promoting increased TIL infiltration after vaccination. Neither PD-1 mAb nor CSF-1Ri had a demonstrable therapeutic benefit alone, but when combined with DC vaccination, a significant survival benefit was observed. When the tripartite regimen was given (DC vaccine, PD-1 mAb, PLX3397), long-term survival was noted together with an increase in the number of TILs and TIL activation. Conclusion:Together, these studies elucidate the role that TIMs play in mediating adaptive immune resistance in the GBM microenvironment and provide evidence that they can be manipulated pharmacologically with agents that are clinically available. Development of immune resistance in response to active vaccination in GBM can be reversed with dual administration of CSF-1Ri and PD-1 mAb.

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Tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells induce tumor cell resistance to cytotoxic T cells in mice.

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Tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells induce tumor cell resistance to cytotoxic T cells in mice.

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