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The antagonistic action of B56-containing protein phosphatase 2As and casein kinase 2 controls the phosphorylation and Gli turnover function of Daz interacting protein 1.

ABSTRACT: The Hedgehog (Hh) pathway is evolutionarily conserved and plays critical roles during embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis. Defective Hh signaling has been linked to a wide range of birth defects and cancers. Hh family proteins regulate the expression of their downstream target genes through the control of proteolytic processing and the transcriptional activation function of Gli transcription factors. Although Hh-dependent regulation of Gli has been studied extensively, other Gli regulatory mechanisms remain relatively unappreciated. Here we report our identification of a novel signaling cascade that controls the stability of Gli proteins. This cascade consists of Daz interacting protein 1 (Dzip1), casein kinase 2 (CK2), and B56 containing protein phosphatase 2As (PP2As). We provide evidence that Dzip1 is involved in a novel Gli turnover pathway. We show that CK2 directly phosphorylates Dzip1 at four serine residues, Ser-664/665/706/714. B56-containing PP2As, through binding to a domain located between amino acid residue 474 and 550 of Dzip1, dephosphorylate Dzip1 on these CK2 sites. Our mutagenesis analysis further demonstrates that the unphosphorylatable form of Dzip1 is more potent in promoting Gli turnover. Consistently, we found that the stability of Gli proteins was decreased upon CK2 inhibition and increased by inhibition of B56-containing PP2As. Thus, reversible phosphorylation of Dzip1, which is controlled by the antagonistic action of CK2 and B56-containing PP2As, has an important impact on the stability of Gli transcription factors and Hh signaling.

SUBMITTER: Jin Z

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3196143 | biostudies-literature | 2011 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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The antagonistic action of B56-containing protein phosphatase 2As and casein kinase 2 controls the phosphorylation and Gli turnover function of Daz interacting protein 1.

Jin Zhigang Z Mei Wenyan W Strack Stefan S Jia Jianhang J Yang Jing J

The Journal of biological chemistry 20110830 42

The Hedgehog (Hh) pathway is evolutionarily conserved and plays critical roles during embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis. Defective Hh signaling has been linked to a wide range of birth defects and cancers. Hh family proteins regulate the expression of their downstream target genes through the control of proteolytic processing and the transcriptional activation function of Gli transcription factors. Although Hh-dependent regulation of Gli has been studied extensively, other Gli r ...[more]

PMID: 21878643

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Project description:DZIP (DAZ-Interacting Protein) containing a C2H2 zinc-finger domain is expressed predominantly in human embryonic stem cells and fetal and adult germ cells; DZIP colocalizes with DAZ and/or DAZL proteins in these tissues. DZIP may associate with DAZ and its other cofactors in an RNA-binding protein complex that functions in both embryonic stem cells and germ cells. To identify mRNAs associated with human DZIP1 protein in HeLa cells, we used a modified Ribonucleoprotein-ImmunoPrecipitation Microarray (RIP-Chip).DZIP1 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes were performed with 2 µg of anti-DZIP1 antibody (rabbit polyclonal, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, CA, USA) bound to protein A-agarose beads (Sigma, Deisenhofen, Germany). HeLa cells were lysed in polysome lysis buffer (Tris-HCl pH 7,4 15mM, MgCl2 15 mM, NaCl 0,3 M, 1% Triton X-100, 1 mM DTT, 100 U / ml RNase Out, PMSF 1mM and E64 10uM) for one hour at 4°C. Beads were washed, then buffer and cell lysate were added, and the reaction mixtures were tumbled for 2 hours at 4°C. After this incubation, the beads were thoroughly washed again with polysome lysis buffer and then either RNA extracted for microarray and RT-PCR experiments using the RNeasy mini kit (Qiagen). To control for non-specifically enriched RNAs, identical IPs were performed with beads precoated with rabbit IgG as a negative control. RNA was processed for hybridization with GeneChip 3? IVT Express (Affymetrix - Santa Clara, USA), according to the manufacturers instruction. Briefly, cDNA was synthesized from immunoprecipitated RNA using reverse transcriptase followed by second strand synthesis to generate double-stranded cDNA. An in vitro transcription reaction was used to generate biotinylated cRNA. After purification and fragmentation, cRNA was hybridized onto GeneChip Affymetrix Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 arrays. Post hybridization washes were preformed on an Affymetrix GeneChip® Fluidics Station 450. Arrays were scanned on an Affymetrix GeneChip® Scanner 3000. Scanned arrays were normalized using GCRMA in Partek software (Partek Incorporated. St. Louis, MO). Differentially enriched RNAs were found after performing One-way ANOVA analysis comparing immunoprecipitated samples against control samples. Final lists of genes were obtained by filtering the data from the statistical results according to fold enrichment more than 2 and false discovery rate (FDR 5%).

Dataset Information

The antagonistic action of B56-containing protein phosphatase 2As and casein kinase 2 controls the phosphorylation and Gli turnover function of Daz interacting protein 1.

Publications

The antagonistic action of B56-containing protein phosphatase 2As and casein kinase 2 controls the phosphorylation and Gli turnover function of Daz interacting protein 1.

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