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The risk of infection-related hospitalization with decreased kidney function.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND:Moderate kidney disease may predispose to infection. We sought to determine whether decreased kidney function, estimated by serum cystatin C level, was associated with the risk of infection-related hospitalization in older individuals. STUDY DESIGN:Cohort study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS:5,142 Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) participants with measured serum creatinine and cystatin C and without estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <15 mL/min/1.73 m(2) at enrollment. PREDICTOR:The primary exposure of interest was eGFR using serum cystatin C level (eGFR(SCysC)). OUTCOME:Infection-related hospitalizations during a median follow-up of 11.5 years. RESULTS:In adjusted analyses, eGFR(SCysC) categories of 60-89, 45-59, and 15-44 mL/min/1.73 m(2) were associated with 16%, 37%, and 64% greater risk of all-cause infection-related hospitalization, respectively, compared with eGFR(SCysC) ?90 mL/min/1.73 m(2). When cause-specific infection was examined, eGFR(SCysC) of 15-44 mL/min/1.73 m(2) was associated with an 80% greater risk of pulmonary and 160% greater risk of genitourinary infection compared with eGFR(SCysC) ?90 mL/min/1.73 m(2). LIMITATIONS:No measures of urinary protein, study limited to principal discharge diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS:Lower kidney function, estimated using cystatin C level, was associated with a linear and graded risk of infection-related hospitalization. These findings highlight that even moderate degrees of decreased kidney function are associated with clinically significant higher risks of serious infection in older individuals.

SUBMITTER: Dalrymple LS

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3288732 | biostudies-literature | 2012 Mar

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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The risk of infection-related hospitalization with decreased kidney function.

Dalrymple Lorien S LS Katz Ronit R Kestenbaum Bryan B de Boer Ian H IH Fried Linda L Sarnak Mark J MJ Shlipak Michael G MG

American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation 20110909 3

<h4>Background</h4>Moderate kidney disease may predispose to infection. We sought to determine whether decreased kidney function, estimated by serum cystatin C level, was associated with the risk of infection-related hospitalization in older individuals.<h4>Study design</h4>Cohort study.<h4>Setting & participants</h4>5,142 Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) participants with measured serum creatinine and cystatin C and without estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <15 mL/min/1.73 m(2) at en ...[more]

PMID: 21906862

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Project description:Background and objectivesInfection-related hospitalizations have increased dramatically over the last 10 years in patients receiving in-center hemodialysis. Patient and dialysis facility characteristics associated with the rate of infection-related hospitalization were examined, with consideration of the region of care, rural-urban residence, and socioeconomic status.Design, setting, participants, & measurementsThe US Renal Data System linked to the American Community Survey and Rural-Urban Commuting Area codes was used to examine factors associated with hospitalization for infection among Medicare beneficiaries starting in-center hemodialysis between 2005 and 2008. A Poisson mixed effects model was used to examine the associations among patient and dialysis facility characteristics and the rate of infection-related hospitalization.ResultsAmong 135,545 Medicare beneficiaries, 38,475 (28%) had at least one infection-related hospitalization. The overall rate of infection-related hospitalization was 40.2 per 100 person-years. Age ? 85 years old, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, inability to ambulate or transfer, drug dependence, residence in a care facility, serum albumin <3.5 g/dl at dialysis initiation, and dialysis initiation with an access other than a fistula were associated with a ? 20% increase in the rate of infection-related hospitalization. Patients residing in isolated small rural compared with urban areas had lower rates of hospitalization for infection (rate ratio, 0.91; 95% confidence interval, 0.86 to 0.97), and rates of hospitalization for infection varied across the ESRD networks. Measures of socioeconomic status (at the zip code level), total facility staffing, and the composition of staff (percentage of nurses) were not associated with the rate of hospitalization for infection.ConclusionsPatient and facility factors associated with higher rates of infection-related hospitalization were identified. The findings from this study can be used to identify patients at higher risk for infection and inform the design of infection prevention strategies.

Project description:INTRODUCTION:Chronic kidney disease (CKD) risk staging is based on estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR). However, the relationship between all-cause hospitalization risk and the current CKD staging system has not been well studied among older adults, despite a high prevalence of CKD and a high risk of hospitalization in old age. METHODS:Among 4,766 participants of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study, CKD was staged according to Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria, using creatinine-based eGFR (eGFRcr) and ACR. Incidence rates of all-cause hospitalization associated with each CKD risk group were analyzed using negative binomial regression. Additionally, cause-specific hospitalization risks for cardiovascular, infectious, kidney, and other diseases were estimated. The impacts of using cystatin C-based eGFR (eGFRcys) to estimate the prevalence of CKD and risks of hospitalization were also quantified. RESULTS:Participants experienced 5,548 hospitalizations and 29% had CKD. Hospitalization rates per 1,000 person-years according to KDIGO risk categories were 208-223 ("low risk"), 288-376 ("moderately increased risk"), 363-548 ("high risk"), and 499-1083 ("very high risk"). The increased risk associated with low eGFR and high ACR persisted in adjusted analyses, examinations of cause-specific hospitalizations, and when CKD was staged by eGFRcys or eGFRcr-cys, a combined equation based on both creatinine and cystatin C. In comparison to eGFRcr, staging by eGFRcys increased the prevalence of CKD to 50%, but hospitalization risks remained similarly high. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION:In older adults, decreased eGFR, increased ACR, and KDIGO risk stages based on a combination of these measures, were strong risk factors for hospitalization. These relationships were consistent, regardless of the marker used to estimate GFR, but the use of cystatin C resulted in a substantially higher prevalence of CKD than the use of creatinine. Older adults in the population with very high risk stages of CKD have hospitalization rates exceeding 500 per 1,000 person-years.

Project description:Background and objectivesPeritoneal dialysis (PD) is associated with an increased risk of infection-related hospitalization (IRH) compared with hemodialysis. The objective of this study was to compare mortality and overall readmission after an IRH between PD and hemodialysis.Design, setting, participants, & measurementsThis propensity score-matched retrospective cohort study assessed patients undergoing long-term dialysis patients, derived from the Canadian Organ Replacement Register and Régie de l'assurance maladie du Québec, who had at least one IRH between January 2001 and December 2007. Patients were followed until death, kidney transplantation, or end of the study period. To estimate the probability of receiving PD versus hemodialysis, propensity scores were obtained using multivariable logistic regression. Mortality and overall readmission risks after the initial IRH were compared using a Cox survival model.ResultsA total of 354 pairs of patients who had at least one IRH were matched for propensity score. During follow-up (median, 1.25 years), 138 hemodialysis patients (24.7/100 patient-years; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 20.7 to 29.1) and 130 PD patients (21.2/100 patient-years; 95% CI, 17.7 to 25.1) died; 265 hemodialysis patients (144.6/100 patient-years; 95% CI, 127.7 to 163.1) and 299 PD patients (173.2/100 patient-years; 95% CI, 154.1 to 194.0) were readmitted for any cause; and 121 hemodialysis patients (29.7/100 patient-years; 95% CI, 24.7 to 35.5) and 168 PD patients (44.7/100 patient-years; 95% CI, 38.2 to 52.0) were readmitted for an infection. Compared with hemodialysis, PD was not associated with a different mortality risk after an IRH (hazard ratio [HR], 0.87; 95% CI, 0.69 to 1.11). PD was associated with a higher risk of infection-related overall readmission compared with hemodialysis (HR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.14 to 1.81), but not with the risk of all-cause overall readmission (HR, 1.15; 95% CI, 0.98 to 1.36).ConclusionsPD was not associated with higher mortality or all-cause overall readmission following an IRH compared with hemodialysis, but PD patients were at higher risk of infection-related overall readmission after IRH. IRHs are associated with significant mortality and overall readmissions. Evaluation of strategies to reduce infections in both hemodialysis and PD recipients are needed to improve patient care and outcomes.

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The risk of infection-related hospitalization with decreased kidney function.

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The risk of infection-related hospitalization with decreased kidney function.

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