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Plant protein intake is associated with fibroblast growth factor 23 and serum bicarbonate levels in patients with chronic kidney disease: the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort study.

ABSTRACT: Protein from plant, as opposed to animal, sources may be preferred in chronic kidney disease (CKD) because of the lower bioavailability of phosphate and lower nonvolatile acid load.Observational cross-sectional study.A total of 2,938 participants with CKD and information on their dietary intake at the baseline visit in the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Study.Percentage of total protein intake from plant sources (percent plant protein) was determined by scoring individual food items using the National Cancer Institute Diet History Questionnaire (DHQ).Metabolic parameters, including serum phosphate, bicarbonate (HCO?), potassium, and albumin, plasma fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23), and parathyroid hormone (PTH), and hemoglobin levels.We modeled the association between percent plant protein and metabolic parameters using linear regression. Models were adjusted for age, sex, race, diabetes status, body mass index, estimated glomerular filtration rate, income, smoking status, total energy intake, total protein intake, 24-hour urinary sodium concentration, use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers, and use of diuretics.Higher percent plant protein was associated with lower FGF-23 (P = .05) and higher HCO? (P = .01) levels, but not with serum phosphate or parathyroid hormone concentrations (P = .9 and P = .5, respectively). Higher percent plant protein was not associated with higher serum potassium (P = .2), lower serum albumin (P = .2), or lower hemoglobin (P = .3) levels. The associations of percent plant protein with FGF-23 and HCO? levels did not differ by diabetes status, sex, race, CKD stage (2/3 vs. 4/5), or total protein intake (?0.8 g/kg/day vs. >0.8 g/kg/day; P-interaction >.10 for each).This is a cross-sectional study; determination of percent plant protein using the Diet History Questionnaire has not been validated.Consumption of a higher percentage of protein from plant sources may lower FGF-23 and raise HCO? levels in patients with CKD.

SUBMITTER: Scialla JJ

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3383455 | biostudies-literature | 2012 Jul

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Plant protein intake is associated with fibroblast growth factor 23 and serum bicarbonate levels in patients with chronic kidney disease: the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort study.

Scialla Julia J JJ Appel Lawrence J LJ Wolf Myles M Yang Wei W Zhang Xiaoming X Sozio Stephen M SM Miller Edgar R ER Bazzano Lydia A LA Cuevas Magdalena M Glenn Melanie J MJ Lustigova Eva E Kallem Radhakrishna R RR Porter Anna C AC Townsend Raymond R RR Weir Matthew R MR Anderson Cheryl A M CA

Journal of renal nutrition : the official journal of the Council on Renal Nutrition of the National Kidney Foundation 20120404 4

<h4>Background</h4>Protein from plant, as opposed to animal, sources may be preferred in chronic kidney disease (CKD) because of the lower bioavailability of phosphate and lower nonvolatile acid load.<h4>Study design</h4>Observational cross-sectional study.<h4>Setting and participants</h4>A total of 2,938 participants with CKD and information on their dietary intake at the baseline visit in the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Study.<h4>Predictors</h4>Percentage of total protein intake from pl ...[more]

PMID: 22480598

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Project description:Background and objectivesAnemia is an early complication of CKD that is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Prior data show associations between abnormal mineral metabolism markers and decreased erythropoiesis. However, few studies have investigated elevated fibroblast growth factor 23 as a risk factor for the development of anemia in patients with CKD.Design, setting, participants, & measurementsWe conducted a prospective cohort study of 3869 individuals with mild to severe CKD enrolled in the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Study between 2003 and 2008 and followed through 2013. We hypothesized that elevated baseline fibroblast growth factor 23 levels are associated with prevalent anemia, decline in hemoglobin over time, and development of incident anemia, defined as serum hemoglobin level <13 g/dl in men, serum hemoglobin level <12 g/dl in women, or use of erythropoietin stimulating agents.ResultsIn the 1872 of 3869 individuals who had prevalent anemia at baseline, mean age was 58 (11) years old, and mean eGFR was 39 (13) ml/min per 1.73 m2. Higher levels of fibroblast growth factor 23 were significantly associated with prevalent anemia (odds ratio per 1-SD increase in natural log-transformed fibroblast growth factor 23, 1.39; 95% confidence interval, 1.26 to 1.52), decline in hemoglobin over 4 years, and risk of incident anemia (hazard ratio per 1-SD increase in natural log-transformed fibroblast growth factor 23, 1.13; 95% confidence interval, 1.04 to 1.24; quartile 4 versus quartile 1: hazard ratio, 1.59; 95% confidence interval, 1.19 to 2.11) independent of demographic characteristics, cardiovascular disease risk factors, CKD-specific factors, and other mineral metabolism markers. The results of our prospective analyses remained unchanged after additional adjustment for time-varying eGFR.ConclusionsElevated fibroblast growth factor 23 is associated with prevalent anemia, change in hemoglobin over time, and development of anemia. Future studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms for these associations.

Project description:Rationale & objectiveStudies using a single measurement of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) suggest that elevated FGF-23 levels are associated with increased risk for requirement for kidney replacement therapy (KRT) in patients with chronic kidney disease. However, the data do not account for changes in FGF-23 levels as kidney disease progresses.Study designCase-cohort study.Setting & participantsTo evaluate the association between serial FGF-23 levels and risk for requiring KRT, our primary analysis included 1,597 individuals in the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Study who had up to 5 annual measurements of carboxy-terminal FGF-23. There were 1,135 randomly selected individuals, of whom 266 initiated KRT, and 462 individuals who initiated KRT outside the random subcohort.ExposureSerial FGF-23 measurements and FGF-23 trajectory group membership.OutcomesIncident KRT.Analytical approachTo handle time-dependent confounding, our primary analysis of time-updated FGF-23 levels used time-varying inverse probability weighting in a discrete time failure model. To compare our results with prior data, we used baseline and time-updated FGF-23 values in weighted Cox regression models. To examine the association of FGF-23 trajectory subgroups with risk for incident KRT, we used weighted Cox models with FGF-23 trajectory groups derived from group-based trajectory modeling as the exposure.ResultsIn our primary analysis, the HR for the KRT outcome per 1 SD increase in the mean of natural log-transformed (ln)FGF-23 in the past was 1.94 (95% CI, 1.51-2.49). In weighted Cox models using baseline and time-updated values, elevated FGF-23 level was associated with increased risk for incident KRT (HRs per 1 SD ln[FGF-23] of 1.18 [95% CI, 1.02-1.37] for baseline and 1.66 [95% CI, 1.49-1.86] for time-updated). Membership in the slowly and rapidly increasing FGF-23 trajectory groups was associated with ∼3- and ∼21-fold higher risk for incident KRT compared to membership in the stable FGF-23 trajectory group.LimitationsResidual confounding and lack of intact FGF-23 values.ConclusionsIncreasing FGF-23 levels are independently associated with increased risk for incident KRT.

Project description:Rationale & objectiveHeart failure (HF) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality among individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD). A large body of evidence from preclinical and clinical studies implicates excess levels of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) in HF pathogenesis in CKD. It remains unclear whether the relationship between elevated FGF23 levels and HF risk among individuals with CKD varies by HF subtype.Study designProspective cohort study.Settings & participantsA total of 3,502 participants were selected in the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort study.ExposureBaseline plasma FGF23.OutcomesIncident HF by subtype and total rate of HF hospitalization. HF was categorized as HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF, ejection fraction [EF] ≥ 50%), HF with reduced EF (HFrEF, EF < 50%) and HF with unknown EF (HFuEF).Analytical approachMultivariable-adjusted cause-specific Cox proportional hazards models were used to investigate associations between FGF23 and incident hospitalizations for HF by subtype. The Lunn-McNeil method was used to compare hazard ratios across HF subtypes. Poisson regression models were used to evaluate the total rate of HF.ResultsDuring a median follow-up time of 10.8 years, 295 HFpEF, 242 HFrEF, and 156 HFuEF hospitalizations occurred. In multivariable-adjusted cause-specific Cox proportional hazards models, FGF23 was significantly associated with the incidence of HFpEF (HR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.21-1.64), HFrEF (HR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.05-1.53), and HFuEF (HR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.13-1.73) per 1 standard deviation (SD) increase in the natural log of FGF23. The Lunn-McNeil method determined that the risk association was consistent across all subtypes. The rate ratio of total HF events increased with FGF23 quartile. In multivariable-adjusted models, compared with quartile 1, FGF23 quartile 4 had a rate ratio of 1.81 (95% CI, 1.28-2.57) for total HF events.LimitationsSelf-report of HF hospitalizations and possible lack of an echocardiogram at time of hospitalization.ConclusionsIn this large multicenter prospective cohort study, elevated FGF23 levels were associated with increased risks for all HF subtypes.Plain-language summaryHeart failure (HF) is a prominent cause of morbidity and mortality in individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Identifying potential pathways in the development of HF is essential in developing therapies to prevent and treat HF. In a large cohort of individuals with CKD, the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (N = 3,502), baseline fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23), a hormone that regulates phosphorous, was evaluated in relation to the development of incident and recurrent HF with reduced, preserved, and unknown ejection fraction. In this large multicenter prospective cohort study, elevated FGF23 levels were associated with increased risk of all HF subtypes. These findings demonstrate the need for further research into FGF23 as a target in preventing the development of HF in individuals with CKD.

Project description:A high level of the phosphate-regulating hormone fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) is associated with mortality in patients with end-stage renal disease, but little is known about its relationship with adverse outcomes in the much larger population of patients with earlier stages of chronic kidney disease.To evaluate FGF-23 as a risk factor for adverse outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease.A prospective study of 3879 participants with chronic kidney disease stages 2 through 4 who enrolled in the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort between June 2003 and September 2008.All-cause mortality and end-stage renal disease.At study enrollment, the mean (SD) estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was 42.8 (13.5) mL/min/1.73 m(2), and the median FGF-23 level was 145.5 RU/mL (interquartile range [IQR], 96-239 reference unit [RU]/mL). During a median follow-up of 3.5 years (IQR, 2.5-4.4 years), 266 participants died (20.3/1000 person-years) and 410 reached end-stage renal disease (33.0/1000 person-years). In adjusted analyses, higher levels of FGF-23 were independently associated with a greater risk of death (hazard ratio [HR], per SD of natural log-transformed FGF-23, 1.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3-1.7). Mortality risk increased by quartile of FGF-23: the HR was 1.3 (95% CI, 0.8-2.2) for the second quartile, 2.0 (95% CI, 1.2-3.3) for the third quartile, and 3.0 (95% CI, 1.8-5.1) for the fourth quartile. Elevated fibroblast growth factor 23 was independently associated with significantly higher risk of end-stage renal disease among participants with an estimated GFR between 30 and 44 mL/min/1.73 m(2) (HR, 1.3 per SD of FGF-23 natural log-transformed FGF-23; 95% CI, 1.04-1.6) and 45 mL/min/1.73 m(2) or higher (HR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.1-2.4), but not less than 30 mL/min/1.73 m(2).Elevated FGF-23 is an independent risk factor for end-stage renal disease in patients with relatively preserved kidney function and for mortality across the spectrum of chronic kidney disease.

Dataset Information

Plant protein intake is associated with fibroblast growth factor 23 and serum bicarbonate levels in patients with chronic kidney disease: the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort study.

Publications

Plant protein intake is associated with fibroblast growth factor 23 and serum bicarbonate levels in patients with chronic kidney disease: the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort study.

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