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Maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring trajectories of height and adiposity: comparing maternal and paternal associations.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND:Maternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with reduced offspring birth length and has been postulated as a risk factor for obesity. Causality for obesity is not established. Causality is well-supported for birth length, but evidence on persistence of height deficits is inconsistent. METHODS:We examined the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and trajectories of offspring height (0-10 years, N?=?9424), ponderal index (PI) (0-2 years, N?=?9321) and body mass index (BMI) (2-10 years, N?=?8887) in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. To strengthen inference, measured confounders were controlled for, maternal and partner smoking associations were compared, dose-response and associations with post-natal smoking were examined. RESULTS:Maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with shorter birth length, faster height growth in infancy and slower growth in later childhood. By 10 years, daughters of women who smoke during pregnancy are on average 1.11?cm (SE?=?0.27) shorter after adjustment for confounders and partner smoking; the difference is 0.22 cm (SE?=?0.22) for partner's smoking. Maternal smoking was associated with lower PI at birth, faster PI increase in infancy, but not with BMI changes 2-10 years. Associations were stronger for maternal than partner smoking for PI at birth and PI changes in infancy, but not for BMI changes after 2 years. A similar dose-response in both maternal and partner smoking was seen for BMI change 2-10 years. CONCLUSION:Maternal smoking during pregnancy has an intrauterine effect on birth length, and possibly on adiposity at birth and changes in height and adiposity in infancy. We do not find evidence of a specific intrauterine effect on height or adiposity changes after the age of 2 years.

SUBMITTER: Howe LD

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3396309 | biostudies-literature | 2012 Jun

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring trajectories of height and adiposity: comparing maternal and paternal associations.

Howe Laura D LD Matijasevich Alicia A Tilling Kate K Brion Marie-Jo MJ Leary Sam D SD Smith George Davey GD Lawlor Debbie A DA

International journal of epidemiology 20120309 3

<h4>Background</h4>Maternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with reduced offspring birth length and has been postulated as a risk factor for obesity. Causality for obesity is not established. Causality is well-supported for birth length, but evidence on persistence of height deficits is inconsistent.<h4>Methods</h4>We examined the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and trajectories of offspring height (0-10 years, N = 9424), ponderal index (PI) (0-2 years, N = 9321) and ...[more]

PMID: 22407859

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Project description:Several recent population-based studies have linked exposure to maternal smoking during pregnancy to increased risk of severe mental illness in offspring (eg, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia). It is not yet clear, however, whether this association results from causal teratogenic effects or from confounding influences shared by smoking and severe mental illness.To examine the association between smoking during pregnancy and severe mental illness in offspring, adjusting for measured covariates and unmeasured confounding using family-based designs.This study analyzed population register data through December 31, 2013, for a cohort of 1 680 219 individuals born in Sweden from January 1, 1983, to December 31, 2001. Associations between smoking during pregnancy and severe mental illness in offspring were estimated with adjustment for measured covariates. Cousins and siblings who were discordant on smoking during pregnancy and severe mental illness were then compared, which helped to account for unmeasured genetic and environmental confounding by design.Maternal self-reported smoking during pregnancy, obtained from antenatal visits.Severe mental illness, with clinical diagnosis obtained from inpatient and outpatient visits and defined using International Classification of Diseases codes for bipolar disorder and schizophrenia spectrum disorders.Of the 1 680 219 offspring included in the analysis, 816 775 (48.61%) were female. At the population level, offspring exposed to moderate and high levels of smoking during pregnancy had greater severe mental illness rates than did unexposed offspring (moderate smoking during pregnancy: hazard ratio [HR], 1.25; 95% CI, 1.19-1.30; high smoking during pregnancy: HR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.44-1.59). These associations decreased in strength with increasing statistical and methodologic controls for familial confounding. In sibling comparisons with within-family covariates, associations were substantially weaker and nonsignificant (moderate smoking during pregnancy: HR, 1.09; 95% CI, 0.94-1.26; high smoking during pregnancy: HR, 1.14; 95% CI, 0.96-1.35). The pattern of associations was consistent across subsets of severe mental illness disorders and was supported by further sensitivity analyses.This population- and family-based study failed to find support for a causal effect of smoking during pregnancy on risk of severe mental illness in offspring. Rather, these results suggest that much of the observed population-level association can be explained by measured and unmeasured factors shared by siblings.

Dataset Information

Maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring trajectories of height and adiposity: comparing maternal and paternal associations.

Publications

Maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring trajectories of height and adiposity: comparing maternal and paternal associations.

Similar Datasets

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