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Coinfection of Leptomonas seymouri and Leishmania donovani in Indian leishmaniasis.

ABSTRACT: Leishmania donovani is considered the causative organism of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL). Testing of 4/29 DNA samples from VL and PKDL patients as well as 2/7 field isolates showed an aberrant internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) pattern, which upon sequencing strongly matched Leptomonas seymouri, thus confirming its presence in Indian leishmaniasis.

SUBMITTER: Ghosh S

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3421535 | biostudies-literature | 2012 Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Coinfection of Leptomonas seymouri and Leishmania donovani in Indian leishmaniasis.

Ghosh Susmita S Banerjee Priyanka P Sarkar Avijit A Datta Simanti S Chatterjee Mitali M

Journal of clinical microbiology 20120523 8

Leishmania donovani is considered the causative organism of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL). Testing of 4/29 DNA samples from VL and PKDL patients as well as 2/7 field isolates showed an aberrant internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) pattern, which upon sequencing strongly matched Leptomonas seymouri, thus confirming its presence in Indian leishmaniasis. ...[more]

PMID: 22622439

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High resolution melting based method for rapid discriminatory diagnosis of co-infecting Leptomonas seymouri in Leishmania donovani-induced leishmaniasis.

Project description:Leishmania donovani, a protozoan parasite of family Trypanosomatidae, causes fatal visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the Indian subcontinent and Africa and cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Sri Lanka. Another member of Trypanosomatidae, Leptomonas seymouri, resembling Leishmania was discovered recently to co-exist with L. donovani in the clinical samples from India and Sri Lanka and therefore, interfere with its investigations. We earlier described a method for selective elimination of such co-existing L. seymouri from clinical samples of VL exploiting the differential growth of the parasites at 37 °C in vitro. Here, we explored ways for a rapid discriminatory diagnosis using high resolution melting (HRM) curves to detect co-occurring L. seymouri with L. donovani in clinical samples. Initial attempt with kDNA-minicircle (mitochondrial DNA) based HRM did not display different Tm values between L. donovani and L. seymouri. Surprisingly, all of their minicircle sequences co-existed in similar clades in the dendrogram analysis, although the kDNA sequences are known for its species and strain specific variations among the Trypanosomatids. However, an HRM analysis that targets the HSP70 gene successfully recognized the presence of L. seymouri in the clinical isolates. This discovery will facilitate rapid diagnosis of L. seymouri and further investigations in to this elusive organism, including the clinico-pathological implications of its co-existence with L. donovani in patients.

| S-EPMC7189336 | biostudies-literature

<i>Leptomonas seymouri</i> Co-infection in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Cases Caused by <i>Leishmania donovani</i> From Himachal Pradesh, India.

Project description:Himachal Pradesh in India is a newer endemic state with co-existence of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. The cutaneous leishmaniasis cases are on an increase in the region and reported to be unusually caused by Leishmania donovani with limited molecular validation. In order to molecularly characterize the causative parasite of the cutaneous disease, parasite specific Internal-Transcribed Spacer 1 (ITS1) PCR RFLP and sequence analysis was performed on skin lesional biopsies from cutaneous leishmaniasis patients. Interestingly, we found the presence of Leptomonas seymouri in 38.5% (22/57) of the patients along with L. donovani detected in all the samples. L. seymouri is a monoxenous insect trypanosomatid, generally incapable of infecting humans. In recent years, the parasite is also reported to co-infect humans with L. donovani in visceral and post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) cases prevalent in northeastern India. The finding of L. seymouri-L. donovani co-infection in unusual cutaneous cases from Himachal Pradesh is the first ever to our knowledge and imply a newer disease paradigm. There is an urgent need to understand the biology of Leptomonas co-infection with L. donovani and its possible role in visceral and/or dermotropic disease outcome. Importantly, L. seymouri co-infection in cutaneous cases and previously reported visceral and PKDL cases needs to be recognized as a newer phenomenon by the leishmaniasis surveillance program in India.

| S-EPMC7373763 | biostudies-literature

Leptomonas seymouri: Adaptations to the Dixenous Life Cycle Analyzed by Genome Sequencing, Transcriptome Profiling and Co-infection with Leishmania donovani.

Project description:The co-infection cases involving dixenous Leishmania spp. (mostly of the L. donovani complex) and presumably monoxenous trypanosomatids in immunocompromised mammalian hosts including humans are well documented. The main opportunistic parasite has been identified as Leptomonas seymouri of the sub-family Leishmaniinae. The molecular mechanisms allowing a parasite of insects to withstand elevated temperature and substantially different conditions of vertebrate tissues are not understood. Here we demonstrate that L. seymouri is well adapted for the environment of the warm-blooded host. We sequenced the genome and compared the whole transcriptome profiles of this species cultivated at low and high temperatures (mimicking the vector and the vertebrate host, respectively) and identified genes and pathways differentially expressed under these experimental conditions. Moreover, Leptomonas seymouri was found to persist for several days in two species of Phlebotomus spp. implicated in Leishmania donovani transmission. Despite of all these adaptations, L. seymouri remains a predominantly monoxenous species not capable of infecting vertebrate cells under normal conditions.

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Leptomonas seymouri

Project description:Leptomonas seymouri overview

| PRJNA315328 | ENA

Leptomonas seymouri

Project description:Leptomonas seymouri, raw RNA-Seq reads

| PRJNA611003 | ENA

A novel 12.6-kDa protein of Leishmania donovani for the diagnosis of Indian visceral leishmaniasis.

Project description:BACKGROUND:For the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), rK39 antigen-based rapid test is widely used. Unfortunately, up to 32% healthy individuals from endemic region test positive with this antigen. There is an urgent need to search for a more specific antigen with sensitivity similar to rK39. METHODS:We identified a Leishmania donovani-specific 12.6-kDa (BHUP3) soluble promastigote antigen through sensitive western blot technique. The identified protein was partially purified from sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the antigenic response of eluted protein was determined by western blot with different groups of individual sera. The diagnostic potential was further validated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using serum of 100 VL patients, 93 nonendemic healthy control individuals, 110 endemic healthy control individuals, and 110 disease control individuals. Further, it was characterized by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight analysis. RESULTS:On blotting, antibody against this protein was recognized by all (9/9) VL patient's sera, but it was absent in every control group (nonendemic healthy control and endemic healthy control). Sensitivity of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was 88% (89/101), whereas the specificity for endemic healthy, nonendemic healthy, and different disease groups were 96% (106/110), 100% (93/93), and 97% (107/110), respectively. The two-dimensional gel electrophoresis showed a single spot, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight analysis revealed that it is a 113-amino-acid-long putative uncharacterized protein of 12.6-kDa anamorsin homolog matched completely with Leishmania major (GenBank accession number: Q4QIS1). CONCLUSION:Despite marginally lower sensitivity of BHUP3, excellent specificity warrants its further development as a tool for diagnosis of VL.

| S-EPMC3186685 | biostudies-literature

Leishmania donovani and cutaneous leishmaniasis, Sri Lanka.

Project description:To investigate the relationship of cutaneous leishmaniasis isolates from Sri Lanka to known species, we performed DNA sequencing and microsatellite analyses. We identified Leishmania donovani as the agent of Sri Lanka cutaneous leishmaniasis and showed that these parasites are closely related to those causing visceral leishmaniasis in the Indian subcontinent.

| S-EPMC2725894 | biostudies-literature

Leptomonas seymouri BHU1095

Project description:Leptomonas seymouri BHU1095 Genome sequencing and assembly

| PRJNA176882 | ENA

Hemophagocytosis in Experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis by Leishmania donovani.

Project description:Hemophagocytosis is a phenomenon in which macrophages phagocytose blood cells. There are reports on up-regulated hemophagocytosis in patients with infectious diseases including typhoid fever, tuberculosis, influenza and visceral leishmaniasis (VL). However, mechanisms of infection-associated hemophagocytosis remained elusive due to a lack of appropriate animal models. Here, we have established a mouse model of VL with hemophagocytosis. At 24 weeks after infection with 1 x 10(7) Leishmania donovani promastigotes, BALB/cA mice exhibited splenomegaly with an average tissue weight per body weight of 2.96%. In the tissues, 28.6% of macrophages contained phagocytosed erythrocytes. All of the hemophagocytosing macrophages were parasitized by L. donovani, and higher levels of hemophagocytosis was observed in heavily infected cells. Furthermore, more than half of these hemophagocytes had two or more macrophage-derived nuclei, whereas only 15.0% of splenic macrophages were bi- or multi-nuclear. These results suggest that direct infection by L. donovani causes hyper-activation of host macrophages to engulf blood cells. To our knowledge, this is the first report on hemophagocytosis in experimental Leishmania infections and may be useful for further understanding of the pathogenesis.

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Detection of Leptomonas seymouri narna-like virus in serum samples of visceral leishmaniasis patients and its possible role in disease pathogenesis.

Project description:Kala-azar/Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) caused by Leishmania donovani (LD) is often associated with Leptomonas seymouri (LS) co-infection in India. Leptomonas seymouri narna-like virus 1 (Lepsey NLV1) has been reported in multi-passaged laboratory isolates of VL samples which showed LD-LS co-infection. A pertinent question was whether this virus of LS is detectable in direct clinical samples. DNA from the serum of twenty-eight LD diagnosed patients was subjected to LD-specific and LS-specific PCR to reconfirm the presence of LD parasites and to detect LD-LS co-infections. RNA extracted from same samples was subjected to RT-PCR, qRT-PCR and sequencing using virus-specific primers to detect/identify and quantify the virus. The presence of the virus was confirmed in thirteen of eighteen (72%) recently collected VL and PKDL samples. Cytokine profiling showed significantly elevated IL-18 in only LD infected patients compared to the virus-positive LD and control samples. IL-18 is crucial for Th1 and macrophage activation which eventually clears the parasite. The Lepsey NLV1 interaction with the immune system results in reduced IL-18 which favors LD survival and increased parasitic burden. The study emphasizes the need to revisit LD pathogenesis in the light of the association and persistence of a protozoan virus in kala-azar and PKDL patients.

| S-EPMC9402534 | biostudies-literature

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