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Pharmacological blockade of adenosine A2A receptors diminishes scarring.

ABSTRACT: Adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) stimulation promotes wound healing and is required for the development of fibrosis in murine models of scleroderma and cirrhosis. Nonetheless, the role of A2AR in the formation of scars following skin trauma has not been explored. Here, we examined the effect of pharmacological blockade of A2AR, with the selective adenosine A2AR-antagonist ZM241385 (2.5 mg/ml), in a murine model of scarring that mimics human scarring. We found that application of the selective adenosine A2AR antagonist ZM241385 decreased scar size and enhanced the tensile strength of the scar. Within the scar itself, collagen alignment and composition (marked reduction in collagen 3), but not periostin, biglycan, or fibronectin accumulation, was improved by application of ZM241385. Moreover, A2AR blockade reduced the number of myofibroblasts and angiogenesis but not macrophage infiltration in the scar. Taken together, our work strongly suggests that pharmacological A2AR blockade can be used to diminish scarring while improving the collagen composition and tensile strength of the healed wound.

SUBMITTER: Perez-Aso M

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3448776 | biostudies-literature | 2012 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Pharmacological blockade of adenosine A2A receptors diminishes scarring.

Perez-Aso Miguel M Chiriboga Luis L Cronstein Bruce N BN

FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 20120705 10

Adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) stimulation promotes wound healing and is required for the development of fibrosis in murine models of scleroderma and cirrhosis. Nonetheless, the role of A2AR in the formation of scars following skin trauma has not been explored. Here, we examined the effect of pharmacological blockade of A2AR, with the selective adenosine A2AR-antagonist ZM241385 (2.5 mg/ml), in a murine model of scarring that mimics human scarring. We found that application of the selective adeno ...[more]

PMID: 22767233

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Project description:Strategies are needed to reverse the immune cell hyporesponsiveness and prevent bacterial overgrowth associated with high mortality rates in septic patients. Adenosine signaling may be mediating immunosuppressive signals within the inflammatory microenvironment that are safeguarding bacteria by rendering immune cells hyporesponsive. We examined A2A adenosine receptor (A2AR)-mediated immune responses in a chronic model of cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis using both wild-type (WT) and A2AR knockout (KO) mice. In this model, chronic bacterial peritonitis was established that results in the first death on day 4. A2A adenosine receptors promoted bacterial overgrowth that was associated with a high 28-day sepsis mortality (WT 87% vs. A2AR KO 13%; P < 0.0001). Chronic bacteremia persisted in both WT and A2AR KO mice over the 28-day study period. Bacteremia was significantly decreased in A2AR KO mice 2 days after antibiotic therapy cessation (day 6 after CLP; P < 0.005). Local and disseminated bacteria levels were compared at the end of the 28-day study period or from moribund mice. A2A adenosine receptor deficiency dramatically decreased peritoneal (P < 0.05), splenic (P < 0.05), and blood (P < 0.01) bacterial levels. A2A adenosine receptor deficiency caused an early reduction in inflammatory mediators IL-6, macrophage inflammatory protein 2, TNF-srI, and TNF-srII (P < 0.05), but not in TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10, or monocyte chemotactic protein 1 within 24 h after CLP. In response to an intravenous lipopolysaccharide (day 5 after CLP) challenge, A2AR KO mice showed enhanced secretion of TNF-α (2 h), IFN-γ, IL-6, monocyte chemotactic protein 1, IL-10, and macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (9 h) (P < 0.05), suggesting that A2ARs attenuate inflammatory responses to repeat infectious insults. These data demonstrate that A2AR blockade may be an effective immunotherapy treatment to prevent bacterial overgrowth and reduce mortality secondary to immunosuppression in septic patients.

Project description:BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Blockade of adenosine A(2A) receptors (A(2A)R) affords robust neuroprotection in a number of brain conditions, although the mechanisms are still unknown. A likely candidate mechanism for this neuroprotection is the control of neuroinflammation, which contributes to the amplification of neurodegeneration, mainly through the abnormal release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin(IL)-1?. We investigated whether A(2A)R controls the signaling of IL-1? and its deleterious effects in cultured hippocampal neurons. METHODS: Hippocampal neuronal cultures were treated with IL-1? and/or glutamate in the presence or absence of the selective A(2A)R antagonist, SCH58261 (50 nmol/l). The effect of SCH58261 on the IL-1?-induced phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 was evaluated by western blotting and immunocytochemistry. The effect of SCH58261 on glutamate-induced neurodegeneration in the presence or absence of IL-1? was evaluated by nucleic acid and by propidium iodide staining, and by lactate dehydrogenase assay. Finally, the effect of A(2A)R blockade on glutamate-induced intracellular calcium, in the presence or absence of IL-1?, was studied using single-cell calcium imaging. RESULTS: IL-1? (10 to 100 ng/ml) enhanced both JNK and p38 phosphorylation, and these effects were prevented by the IL-1 type 1 receptor antagonist IL-1Ra (5 ?g/ml), in accordance with the neuronal localization of IL-1 type 1 receptors, including pre-synaptically and post-synaptically. At 100 ng/ml, IL-1? failed to affect neuronal viability but exacerbated the neurotoxicity induced by treatment with 100 ?mol/l glutamate for 25 minutes (evaluated after 24 hours). It is likely that this resulted from the ability of IL-1? to enhance glutamate-induced calcium entry and late calcium deregulation, both of which were unaffected by IL-1? alone. The selective A(2A)R antagonist, SCH58261 (50 nmol/l), prevented both the IL-1?-induced phosphorylation of JNK and p38, as well as the IL-1?-induced deregulation of calcium and the consequent enhanced neurotoxicity, whereas it had no effect on glutamate actions. CONCLUSIONS: These results prompt the hypothesis that the neuroprotection afforded by A(2A)R blockade might result from this particular ability of A(2A)R to control IL-1?-induced exacerbation of excitotoxic neuronal damage, through the control of MAPK activation and late calcium deregulation.

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Pharmacological blockade of adenosine A2A receptors diminishes scarring.

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Pharmacological blockade of adenosine A2A receptors diminishes scarring.

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