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Variant rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus in young rabbits, Spain.

ABSTRACT: Outbreaks of rabbit hemorrhagic disease have occurred recently in young rabbits on farms on the Iberian Peninsula where rabbits were previously vaccinated. Investigation identified a rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus variant genetically related to apathogenic rabbit caliciviruses. Improved antivirus strategies are needed to slow the spread of this pathogen.

SUBMITTER: Dalton KP

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3557890 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Genotyping of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus detected in diseased rabbits in Egyptian Provinces by <i>VP60</i> sequencing.

Project description:Background and aimRabbit hemorrhagic disease (RHD) is an economically important disorder of rabbits, where infection results in severe losses to the meat and fur industries. Our goal was to characterize the RHD virus (RHDV) strains currently circulating in different regions of Egypt.Materials and methodsFifty rabbits suspected of harboring RHDV from 15 Egyptian governorates were evaluated. Diseased rabbits were identified by clinical signs and postmortem lesions. RHDV was confirmed through hemagglutination assay (HA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Partial sequencing of the VP60 gene was performed for genotyping.ResultsFrom 50 rabbits, we identified 16 cases of RHDV (32%) by HA and PCR, including seven males and nine females. We identified two distinct genotypes through sequencing of an amplified fragment of the virus VP60 gene. One group is composed of those circulating primarily in upper Egypt, which is closely related to the classical G3-G5 virus strains, and the second group, circulating predominantly in lower Egypt, was more closely related to the RHDV2 variant. The overall nucleotide sequence identity ranged from 78.4% to 100%, and identity with the vaccine strains ranged from 78.8% to 91.1%.ConclusionOur results constitute important documentation of RHDV strains currently circulating in Egypt. The findings suggest that there may be a limit to the effectiveness of currently applied vaccine strains as this formulation may not cover all circulating strains. A wider investigation that includes both domestic and wild rabbits will be needed to identify appropriate control measures for this disease.

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Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus VP60 protein expressed in recombinant swinepox virus self-assembles into virus-like particles with strong immunogenicity in rabbits.

Project description:Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease (RHD) is an economically significant infectious disease of rabbits, and its infection causes severe losses in the meat and fur industry. RHD Virus (RHDV) is difficult to proliferate in cell lines in vitro, which has greatly impeded the progress of investigating its replication mechanism and production of inactivated virus vaccines. RHDV VP60 protein is a major antigen for developing RHD subunit vaccines. Herein, we constructed a TK-deactivated recombinant Swinepox virus (rSWPV) expressing VP60 protein and VP60 protein coupled with His-tag respectively, and the expression of foreign proteins was confirmed using immunofluorescence assay and western blotting. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the recombinant VP60, with or without His-tag, self-assembled into virus-like particles (VLPs). Its efficacy was evaluated by comparison with available commercial vaccines in rabbits. ELISA and HI titer assays showed that high levels of neutralizing antibodies were induced at the first week after immunization with the recombinant strain and were maintained during the ongoing monitoring for the following 13 weeks. Challenge experiments showed that a single immunization with 106 PFU of the recombinant strain protected rabbits from lethal RHDV infection, and no histopathological changes or antigenic staining was found in the vaccine and rSWPV groups. These results suggest that rSWPV expressing RHDV VP60 could be an efficient candidate vaccine against RHDV in rabbits.

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Origin and phylodynamics of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus.

Project description:To determine the origin, phylogenetic relationships, and evolutionary dynamics of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV), we examined 210 partial and complete capsid gene nucleotide sequences. Using a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo approach, we estimated that these sequences evolved at a rate of 3.9 x 10(-4) to 11.9 x 10(-4) nucleotide substitutions per site per year. This rate was consistent across subsets of data, was robust in response to recombination, and casts doubt on the provenance of viral strains isolated from the 1950s to the 1970s, which share strong sequence similarity to modern isolates. Using the same analysis, we inferred that the time to the most recent common ancestor for a joint group of RHDV and rabbit calicivirus sequences was <550 years ago and was <150 years ago for the RHDV isolates that have spread around the world since 1984. Importantly, multiple lineages of RHDV were clearly circulating before the major Chinese outbreak of 1984, a finding indicative of an early evolution of RHDV virulence. Four phylogenetic groups within RHDV were defined and analyzed separately. Each group shared a common ancestor in the mid-1960s or earlier, and each showed an expansion of populations starting before 1984. Notably, the group characterized by the antigenic variant RHDVa harbors the greatest genetic diversity, compatible with an elevated fitness. Overall, we contend that the high virulence of RHDV likely evolved once in the early part of the 20th century, well before the documented emergence of rabbit hemorrhagic disease in 1984.

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Rabbit liver tissue infected with rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) LC-MS

Project description:The rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) represents the causative agent of a highly contagious disease in rabbits that is often associated with high mortality. Because of the lack of a suitable cell culture system for RHDV, the pathogenic mechanism and replication of RHDV remains unclear. In order to analyze the pathogenic mechanism of RHDV to rabbits, we used New Zealand white rabbits infected with RHDV, collected liver tissues 32 hours after infection, and used TMT labeling for LC-MS analysis. Subsequently, it was compared and analyzed with the protein data of the liver tissue of the uninfected rabbits. Perform bioinformatics analysis on significantly different proteins. Finally, comprehensively analyze the influence of RHDV on host protein and pathway expression levels. This study provides clues to clarify the pathogenic mechanism of RHDV in rabbits.

2022-05-19 | PXD030318 | Pride

Robust Innate Immunity of Young Rabbits Mediates Resistance to Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Caused by Lagovirus Europaeus GI.1 But Not GI.2.

Project description:The rabbit caliciviruses Lagovirus europaeus GI.1 and GI.2 both cause acute necrotizing hepatitis in European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Whilst GI.2 is highly virulent in both young and adult rabbits, rabbits younger than eight weeks of age are highly resistant to disease caused by GI.1, although they are still permissive to infection and viral replication. To investigate the underlying mechanism(s) of this age related resistance to GI.1, we compared liver transcriptomes of young rabbits infected with GI.1 to those of adult rabbits infected with GI.1 and young rabbits infected with GI.2. Our data suggest that kittens have constitutively heightened innate immune responses compared to adult rabbits, particularly associated with increased expression of major histocompatibility class II molecules and activity of natural killer cells, macrophages, and cholangiocytes. This enables them to respond more rapidly to GI.1 infection than adult rabbits and thus limit virus-induced pathology. In contrast, these responses were not fully developed during GI.2 infection. We speculate that the observed downregulation of multiple genes associated with innate immunity in kittens during GI.2 infection may be due to virally-mediated immunomodulation, permitting fatal disease to develop. Our study provides insight into the fundamental host⁻pathogen interactions responsible for the differences in age-related susceptibility, which likely plays a critical role in defining the success of GI.2 in outcompeting GI.1 in the field.

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Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus strain:Turretfield 2009

Project description:Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus strain:Turretfield 2009 Genome sequencing and assembly

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Outbreak of Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus 2 Infections, Ghana.

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