Stable polymorph of morphine.
Ontology highlight
ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Gelbrich T
PROVIDER: S-EPMC3588323 | biostudies-literature | 2013 Jan
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
Similar Datasets
Project description:Iron(III) oxide shows a polymorphism, characteristic of existence of phases with the same chemical composition but distinct crystal structures and, hence, physical properties. Four crystalline phases of iron(III) oxide have previously been identified: α-Fe2O3 (hematite), β-Fe2O3, γ-Fe2O3 (maghemite), and ε-Fe2O3. All four iron(III) oxide phases easily undergo various phase transformations in response to heating or pressure treatment, usually forming hexagonal α-Fe2O3, which is the most thermodynamically stable Fe2O3 polymorph under ambient conditions. Here, from synchrotron X-ray diffraction experiments, we report the formation of a new iron(III) oxide polymorph that we have termed ζ-Fe2O3 and which evolved during pressure treatment of cubic β-Fe2O3 (Ia3 space group) at pressures above 30 GPa. Importantly, ζ-Fe2O3 is maintained after pressure release and represents the first monoclinic Fe2O3 polymorph (I2/a space group) that is stable at atmospheric pressure and room temperature. ζ-Fe2O3 behaves as an antiferromagnet with a Néel transition temperature of ~69 K. The complex mechanism of pressure-induced transformation of β-Fe2O3, involving also the formation of Rh2O3-II-type Fe2O3 and post-perovskite-Fe2O3 structure, is suggested and discussed with respect to a bimodal size distribution of precursor nanoparticles.
| S-EPMC4606832 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Background and purposeChronic administration of medication can significantly affect metabolic enzymes leading to physiological adaptations. Morphine metabolism in the liver has been extensively studied following acute morphine treatment, but such metabolic processes in the CNS are poorly characterized. Long-term morphine treatment is limited by the development of tolerance, resulting in a decrease of its analgesic effect. Whether or not morphine analgesic tolerance affects in vivo brain morphine metabolism and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability remains a major question. Here, we have attempted to characterize the in vivo metabolism and BBB permeability of morphine after long-term treatment, at both central and peripheral levels.Experimental approachMale C57BL/6 mice were injected with morphine or saline solution for eight consecutive days in order to induce morphine analgesic tolerance. On the ninth day, both groups received a final injection of morphine (85%) and d3-morphine (morphine bearing three 2 H; 15%, w/w). Mice were then killed and blood, urine, brain and liver samples were collected. LC-MS/MS was used to quantify morphine, its metabolite morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G) and their respective d3-labelled forms.Key resultsWe found no significant differences in morphine CNS uptake and metabolism between control and tolerant mice. Interestingly, d3-morphine metabolism was decreased compared to morphine without any interference with our study.Conclusions and implicationsOur data suggests that tolerance to the analgesic effects of morphine is not linked to increased glucuronidation to M3G or to altered global BBB permeability of morphine.
| S-EPMC6135784 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The asymmetric unit in the title compound, C(5)H(5)NO, comprises two independent but virtually identical mol-ecules of 2-pyridone, and represents a monoclinic polymorph of the previously reported ortho-rhom-bic (P2(1)2(1)2(1)) form [Penfold (1953 ?). Acta Cryst.6, 591-600; Ohms et al. (1984 ?). Z. Kristallogr.169, 185-200; Yang & Craven (1998 ?). Acta Cryst. B54, 912-920]. The independent mol-ecules are linked into supra-molecular dimers via eight-membered {?HNC(O)}(2) amide synthons in contrast to the helical supra-molecular chains, mediated by {?HNC(O)} links, found in the ortho-rhom-bic form.
| S-EPMC2972078 | biostudies-literature
Project description:A new ortho-rhom-bic polymorph of terephthalaldehyde, C(8)H(6)O(2), with a melting point of 372 K, has been obtained by recrystallization from ethanol. At room temperature, the crystals transform into the well known monoclinic form, with a melting point of 389 K. The crystal structure of the monoclinic form involves C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, but no such bonds are observed in the orthorhombic form. The molecule is planar.
| S-EPMC2962184 | biostudies-literature
Project description:IntroductionObesity is associated with many pathophysiological changes that may result in altered drug metabolism. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of obesity on the pharmacokinetics of morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G), and morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G) through a combined analysis in morbidly obese patients and non-obese healthy volunteers.MethodsIn this analysis, data from 20 morbidly obese patients [mean body mass index 49.9 kg/m2 (range 37.6-78.6 kg/m2) and weight 151.3 kg (range 112-251.9 kg)] and 20 healthy volunteers [mean weight 70.6 kg (range 58-85 kg)] were included. Morbidly obese patients received 10 mg of intravenous (I.V.) morphine after gastric bypass surgery, with additional morphine I.V. doses as needed. Healthy volunteers received an I.V. bolus of morphine of 0.1 mg/kg followed by an infusion of 0.030 mg kg-1 h-1 for 1 h. Population pharmacokinetic modeling was performed using NONMEM 7.2.ResultsIn morbidly obese patients, elimination clearance of M3G and M6G was decreased substantially compared with healthy volunteers (p < 0.001). Regarding glucuronidation, only a slight decrease in the formation of M6G and a delay in the formation of M3G was found (both p < 0.001). Obesity was also identified as a covariate for the peripheral volume of distribution of morphine (p < 0.001).ConclusionMetabolism of morphine is not altered in morbidly obese patients. However, decreased elimination of both M3G and M6G is evident, resulting in a substantial increase in exposure to these two metabolites. A rational explanation of this finding is that it results from alterations in membrane transporter function and/or expression in the liver. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01097148.
| S-EPMC5694499 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Using an oral self-administration paradigm, we have seen morphine increase neural activity in the Paraventricular Nucleus of the Thalamus (PVT). Morphine binds primarily to Mu Opioid Receptors (MORs), which are highly expressed in the PVT. Translating Ribosome Affinity Purification (TRAP)-Sequencing was conducted on PVT neurons that express MORs
2022-10-04 | GSE214560 | GEO
Project description:A new polymorph (?) was obtained for an active pharmaceutical ingredient, bis-muth tribenzoate, [Bi(C(6)H(5)CO(2))(3)]. The new ?-polymorph is 1.05 times denser than the previously known polymorph [Rae et al. (1998 ?). Acta Cryst. B54, 438-442]. In the ?-polymorph, the Bi atom is linked with three benzoate anions, each of them acting as a bidentate ligand, and these assemblies with C(3) point symmetry can be considered as 'mol-ecules'. The structure of the ?-polymorph has no polymeric chains, in contrast to the previously known polymorph. The 'mol-ecules' in the ?-polymorph are stacked along [001], so that the phenyl rings of the neighbouring mol-ecules are parallel to each other. Based on the pronounced difference in the crystal structures, one can suppose that two polymorphs should differ in the dissolution kinetics and bioavailability.
| S-EPMC2983313 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The title compound, C33H42O4 [systematic name: (1S,5S,7R)-3-benzoyl-4-hy-droxy-8,8-dimethyl-1,5,7-tris-(3-methyl-but-2--enyl)bi-cyclo-[3.3.1]nona-3-ene-2,9-dione], has a central bi-cyclo-[3.3.1]nonane-2,4,9-trione surrounded by tetra-prenyl-ated and benzoyl groups. The compound was recrystallized several times in methanol using both a slow evaporation method and with a crystal-seeding technique. This subsequently produced diffraction-quality crystals which crystallize in the ortho-rhom-bic space group P212121, in contrast to a previous report of a structure determination in the Pna21 space group [McCandlish et al. (1976 ?). Acta Cryst. B32, 1793-1801]. The title compound has a melting point of 365-366?K, and a specific rotation [?](20) value of +51.94°. A strong intra-molecular O-H?O hydrogen bond is noted. In the crystal, mol-ecules are assembled in the ab plane by weak C-H?O inter-actions.
| S-EPMC4004436 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The title compound, poly[bis-(?(3)-4-acetamido-propane-sulfon-ato)-calcium], [Ca(C(5)H(10)NO(4)S)(2)](n), is a triclinic polymorph of the previously reported monoclinic structure [Toffoli et al. (1988 ?). Acta Cryst. C44, 1493-1494]. The triclinic modification was found to have an all-trans configuration of the acetamido-propane chain, in contrast with the monoclinic polymorph which shows an angle of 74.66?(8)° between the S-C-C-C chain plane and that of the amide group. The Ca(2+) cation is situated on an inversion centre and is hexa-coordinated by six O atoms belonging to different anions in a distorted octa-hedral geometry. This arrangement leads to a layered structure parallel to (011). The layers are held together by N-H?O hydrogen bonds and by short C-H?O inter-actions, both involving the sulfonate O atoms not coordinated to the Ca(2+) cations. The structure was determined from a crystal twinned by non-merohedry [twin law ([Formula: see text]00, 0[Formula: see text]0, -0.335 -0.85 1), with a fractional contribution of the minor twin domain of 46.7?(1)%].
| S-EPMC3238647 | biostudies-literature
Project description:A monoclinic polymorph of theophylline, C(7)H(8)N(4)O(2), has been obtained from a chloro-form/methanol mixture by evaporation under ambient conditions. The new polymorph crystallizes with two mol-ecules in the asymmetric unit. The structure features inter-molecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, resulting in the formation of dimers between two crystallographically different mol-ecules; each mol-ecule acts as both donor and acceptor.
| S-EPMC3239002 | biostudies-literature