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Short and long-term physiological responses of male and female rats to two dietary levels of pre-gelatinized maca (lepidium peruvianum chacon).

ABSTRACT: OBJECTIVE:The aim of this study is to identify physiological responses of male and female rats to either a short- or long-term administration of two doses of Maca (Lepidium peruvianum) and observe relationships which may exist between groups of hormones and effects mediated by them. DESIGN:The effect of pre-gelatinized (extruded) organic Maca powder (Maca-GO) was studied on Sprague-Dowley male and female rats (1:1 ratio) receiving two dietary levels of Maca-GO (0.75 g/kg and 7.5 g/kg body weight) and assessed against control during 28 and 90 day laboratory trials on 30 and 60 rats respectively. Blood morphology, biochemistry (hormones, lipids and minerals) and histology of internal organs were determined. Homogenates of skeletal muscles and bones of rats were also analyzed. RESULTS:Maca-GO has low toxicity (LD=7.5 g/kg) and appears to be safe for short-term and extended use as dietary supplement or as a component of functional dietary and therapeutic preparations. There were different responses of male and female rats to different levels of Maca-GO administered during a short- and a longer-term periodl. When administered at higher dose for extended period of time (90 days), Maca-GO acted as a toner of hormonal processes in adult female rats at increased progesterone and a steady estradiol level, without affecting levels of blood FSH, LH and TSH. CONCLUSIONS:Obtained results justify further clinical research on use of Maca-GO in sportsmen, physically-active people of both sexes and peri-menopausal women to clarify mechanisms underlaying physiological mode of action of Maca-GO validaet in clinical study on humans. Substantial decrease in blood cortisol levels in a short- and longer-term trial and simultaneous tendency to lower blood ACTH, may indicate antidepressive effect of Maca-GO, which together with reduction in body weight, lowering triglycerides in blood plasma and increasing calcium and phosphorus deposition in bone and muscle tissues is worthy consideration in potential application to women at both, pre- and postmenopausal stage.

SUBMITTER: Meissner HO

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3614567 | biostudies-literature | 2006 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Short and long-term physiological responses of male and female rats to two dietary levels of pre-gelatinized maca (lepidium peruvianum chacon).

Meissner H O HO Kedzia B B Mrozikiewicz P M PM Mscisz A A

International journal of biomedical science : IJBS 20060201 1

<h4>Objective</h4>The aim of this study is to identify physiological responses of male and female rats to either a short- or long-term administration of two doses of Maca (Lepidium peruvianum) and observe relationships which may exist between groups of hormones and effects mediated by them.<h4>Design</h4>The effect of pre-gelatinized (extruded) organic Maca powder (Maca-GO) was studied on Sprague-Dowley male and female rats (1:1 ratio) receiving two dietary levels of Maca-GO (0.75 g/kg and 7.5 g ...[more]

PMID: 23674962

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Project description:Lepidium meyenii or Maca is widely cultivated as a health care food supplement due to its nutritional and medicinal properties. Although there are a few in-depth studies evaluating Maca antihypertensive effects, the correlations between the chemical constituents and bioactivity of the plant have not been studied before. Thus, the roots were extracted using different solvents (aqueous, methanol, 50% methanol, and methylene chloride) and investigated for their antihypertensive and antioxidant activities through several in vitro assays. The methanolic extract exhibited the best renin and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities with IC50 values of 24.79 ± 1.3 ng/mL and 22.02 ± 1.1 ng/mL, respectively, along with the highest antioxidant activity. In total, 120 metabolites from different classes, e.g., alkylamides, alkaloids, glucosinolates, organic acids, and hydantoin derivatives, were identified in the methanolic extract using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC/HRMS). Molecular docking simulations were used to investigate the potential binding modes and the intermolecular interactions of the identified compounds with ACE and renin active sites. Glucotropaeolin, β-carboline alkaloids, succinic acid, and 2,4-dihydroxy-3,5-cyclopentyl dienoic acid showed the highest affinity to target the ACE with high docking scores (S ranging from -35.32 to -22.51 kcal mol-1) compared to lisinopril (S = -36.64 kcal mol-1). Interestingly, macamides displayed the greatest binding affinity to the active site of renin with docking scores (S ranging from -22.47 to -28.25 kcal mol-1). Further, β-carbolines achieved docking scores comparable to that of the native ligand (S ranging from -13.50 to -20.06 kcal mol-1). Molecular dynamics simulations and MMPBSA were also carried out and confirmed the docking results. Additionally, the computational ADMET study predicted that the compounds attaining promising docking results had proper pharmacokinetics, drug-likeness characteristics, and safe toxicological profiles. Ultimately, our findings revealed that Maca roots could be considered a promising candidate as an antihypertensive drug.

Project description:Lepidium meyenii Walp. (Brassicaceae), also known as Maca or Peruvian ginseng, is a common ingredient in food supplements with many claimed health benefits, such as improved endurance, increased energy level, and enhanced sexual properties. Due to potential toxicity of its chemicals, including alkaloids, some regulatory authorities, e.g., in Belgium, Germany, the United States, expressed concerns about the safe consumption of Maca root. However, due to the lack of commercial standards, no established analytical method currently exists for this purpose. The current project focuses on the quantitative determination of potentially toxic alkaloids from Maca. The current study presents the first analytical method for quality control of alkaloid content in Maca-containing food and dietary supplements, assessing the presence of 11 major compounds belonging to three different classes, i.e., imidazole, β-carboline, and pyrrole alkaloids. An accurate, rapid, and sensitive UPLC-TQD-MS/MS method is reported, which was fully validated according to the International Council for Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) and SANTE/11312/2021 guidelines. To ensure the method's applicability and practicability in the absence of primary standards, validation of secondary standards (SSs) alongside primary standards (PSs) was also conducted for imidazole alkaloids. As a result, in Maca raw powder, total alkaloid content was found to vary from 418 to 554 ppm (mg/kg). Furthermore, all quantified imidazole alkaloids were ascertained to be the major alkaloids with the total content from 323 to 470 ppm in Maca raw powder, followed by the β-carboline and pyrrole alkaloids. It was also observed that the commercial preparation of finished products affects the total alkaloid content, evidenced by the large variation from 56 to 598 ppm. Ultimately, from a regulatory point of view, it seems advisible not to request the complete absence of the alkaloids but to impose a maximum level based on safety considerations. In addition to the analytical method, a low-cost, simple, and scalable synthetic scheme of macapyrrolins A, C, and G was reported for the first time.

Dataset Information

Short and long-term physiological responses of male and female rats to two dietary levels of pre-gelatinized maca (lepidium peruvianum chacon).

Publications

Short and long-term physiological responses of male and female rats to two dietary levels of pre-gelatinized maca (lepidium peruvianum chacon).

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