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The role of thioredoxin 1 in the mycophenolic acid-induced apoptosis of insulin-producing cells.

ABSTRACT: Mycophenolic acid (MPA) is one of many effective immunosuppressive drugs. However, MPA can induce cellular toxicity and impair cellular function in ?-cells. To explore the effects of MPA and the relation between MPA and Trx-1, we used various methods, including an Illumina microarray, to identify the genes regulated during pancreatic ?-cell death following MPA treatment. INS-1E cells (a pancreatic ?-cell line) and isolated rat islets were treated with MPA for 12, 24, or 36?h, and subsequent microarray analysis showed that (Trx1) gene expression was significantly reduced by MPA. Further, Trx1 overexpression increased the cell viability, decreased the activations of c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and caspase-3 by MPA, and attenuated ROS upregulation by MPA. Furthermore, siRNA knockdown of Trx1 increased MPA-induced cell death and the activations of p-JNK and caspase-3, and MPA significantly provoked the apoptosis of insulin-secreting cells via Trx1 downregulation. Our findings suggest that the prevention of Trx1 downregulation in response to MPA is critical for successful islet transplantation.

SUBMITTER: Huh KH

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3730420 | biostudies-literature | 2013 Jul

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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The role of thioredoxin 1 in the mycophenolic acid-induced apoptosis of insulin-producing cells.

Huh K H KH Cho Y Y Kim B S BS Do J H JH Park Y-J YJ Joo D J DJ Kim M S MS Kim Y S YS

Cell death & disease 20130711

Mycophenolic acid (MPA) is one of many effective immunosuppressive drugs. However, MPA can induce cellular toxicity and impair cellular function in β-cells. To explore the effects of MPA and the relation between MPA and Trx-1, we used various methods, including an Illumina microarray, to identify the genes regulated during pancreatic β-cell death following MPA treatment. INS-1E cells (a pancreatic β-cell line) and isolated rat islets were treated with MPA for 12, 24, or 36 h, and subsequent micr ...[more]

PMID: 23846223

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Project description:BackgroundInhibition of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) by mycophenolic acid (MPA) can inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis in cancer cells. This study investigated the underlying molecular mechanisms of MPA's anticancer activity.MethodsA gastric cancer cell line (AGS) was treated with MPA and gene expression at different time points was analyzed using Illumina whole genome microarrays and selected genes were confirmed by real-time RT-PCR.ResultsTranscriptomic profiling identified 1070 genes with ≥2 fold changes and 85 genes with >4 fold alterations. The most significantly altered biological processes by MPA treatment include cell cycle, apoptosis, cell proliferation and migration. MPA treatment altered at least ten KEGG pathways, of which eight (p53 signaling, cell cycle, pathways in cancer, PPAR signaling, bladder cancer, protein processing in ER, small cell lung cancer and MAPK signaling) are cancer-related. Among the earliest cellular events induced by MPA is cell cycle arrest which may be caused by six molecular pathways: 1) up-regulation of cyclins (CCND1 and CCNE2) and down-regulation of CCNA2 and CCNB1, 2) down-regulation of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK4 and CDK5); 3) inhibition of cell division related genes (CDC20, CDC25B and CDC25C) and other cell cycle related genes (MCM2, CENPE and PSRC1), 4) activation of p53, which activates the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKN1A), 5) impaired spindle checkpoint function and chromosome segregation (BUB1, BUB1B, BOP1, AURKA, AURKB, and FOXM1); and 6) reduction of availability of deoxyribonucleotides and therefore DNA synthesis through down-regulation of the RRM1 enzyme. Cell cycle arrest is followed by inhibition of cell proliferation, which is mainly attributable to the inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, and caspase-dependent apoptosis due to up-regulation of the p53 and FAS pathways.ConclusionsThese results suggest that MPA has beneficial anticancer activity through diverse molecular pathways and biological processes.

Project description:The aim of the present investigation was to elucidate further the importance of p38 MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) in nitric oxide- and cytokine-induced beta-cell death. For this purpose, isolated human islets were treated with d-siRNA (diced small interfering RNA) and then exposed to the nitric oxide donor DETA/NONOate [2,2'-(hydroxynitrosohydrazono)bis-ethanamine]. We observed that cells treated with p38alpha-specific d-siRNA, but not with d-siRNA targeting GL3 (a firefly luciferase siRNA plasmid) or PKCdelta (protein kinase Cdelta), were protected against nitric oxide-induced death. This was paralleled by an increased level of Bcl-XL (B-cell leukaemia/lymphoma-X long). For an in-depth study of the mechanisms of p38 activation, MKK3 (MAPK kinase 3), MKK6 and their dominant-negative mutants were overexpressed in insulin-producing RIN-5AH cells. In transient transfections, MKK3 overexpression resulted in increased p38 phosphorylation, whereas in stable MKK3-overexpressing RIN-5AH clones, the protein levels of p38 and JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) were decreased, resulting in unaffected phospho-p38 levels. In addition, a long-term MKK3 overexpression did not affect cell death rates in response to the cytokines interleukin-1beta and interferon-gamma, whereas a short-term MKK3 expression resulted in increased cytokine-induced RIN-5AH cell death. The MKK3-potentiating effect on cytokine-induced cell death was abolished by a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, and MKK3-stimulated p38 phosphorylation was enhanced by inhibitors of phosphatases. Finally, as the dominant-negative mutant of MKK3 did not affect cytokine-induced p38 phosphorylation, and as wild-type MKK3 did not influence p38 autophosphorylation, it may be that p38 is activated by MKK3/6-independent pathways in response to cytokines and nitric oxide. In addition, it is likely that a long-term increase in p38 activity is counteracted by both a decreased expression of the p38, JNK and p42 genes as well as an increased dephosphorylation of p38.

Project description:Glucose and palmitate synergistically stimulate insulin secretion, but chronically elevated they induce apoptotic ?-cell death. The glucotoxic effect has been attributed, at least partly, to the upregulation of the oxidative stress marker thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP). Palmitate downregulates TXNIP expression, the functional significance of which is still under debate. This study examines the mechanism and consequence of palmitate-mediated TXNIP regulation in insulin secreting cells. Palmitate (600 ?M) reduced TXNIP mRNA levels in isolated human and mouse islets independently of FFAR1/GPR40. Similar effects of palmitate were observed in INS-1E cells and mimicked by other long chain fatty acids. The lowering of TXNIP mRNA was significant already 1 h after addition of palmitate, persisted for 24 h and was directly translated to changes in TXNIP protein. The pharmacological inhibition of palmitate-induced phosphorylation of AMPK, ERK1/2, JNK and PKC?/? by BML-275, PD98059, SP600125 and Gö6976, respectively, did not abolish palmitate-mediated TXNIP downregulation. The effect of palmitate was superimposed by a time-dependent (8 h and 24 h) decline of TXNIP mRNA and protein. This decline correlated with accumulation of secreted insulin into the medium. Accordingly, exogenously added insulin reduced TXNIP mRNA and protein levels, an effect counteracted by the insulin/IGF-1 receptor antagonist linsitinib. The inhibition of PI3K and Akt/PKB increased TXNIP mRNA levels. The histone deacetylase (HDAC1/2/3) inhibitor MS-275 completely abrogated the time-dependent, insulin-mediated reduction of TXNIP, leaving the effect of palmitate unaltered. Acute stimulation of insulin secretion and chronic accentuation of cell death by palmitate occurred independently of TXNIP regulation. On the contrary, palmitate antagonized glucose-augmented ROS production. In conclusion, glucose-induced TXNIP expression is efficiently antagonized by two independent mechanisms, namely via an autocrine activation of insulin/IGF-1 receptors involving HDAC and by palmitate attenuating oxidative stress of ?-cells.

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The role of thioredoxin 1 in the mycophenolic acid-induced apoptosis of insulin-producing cells.

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The role of thioredoxin 1 in the mycophenolic acid-induced apoptosis of insulin-producing cells.

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