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Low levels of copper disrupt brain amyloid-? homeostasis by altering its production and clearance.

ABSTRACT: Whereas amyloid-? (A?) accumulates in the brain of normal animals dosed with low levels of copper (Cu), the mechanism is not completely known. Cu could contribute to A? accumulation by altering its clearance and/or its production. Because Cu homeostasis is altered in transgenic mice overexpressing A? precursor protein (APP), the objective of this study was to elucidate the mechanism of Cu-induced A? accumulation in brains of normal mice and then to explore Cu's effects in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. In aging mice, accumulation of Cu in brain capillaries was associated with its reduction in low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1), an A? transporter, and higher brain A? levels. These effects were reproduced by chronic dosing with low levels of Cu via drinking water without changes in A? synthesis or degradation. In human brain endothelial cells, Cu, at its normal labile levels, caused LRP1-specific down-regulation by inducing its nitrotyrosination and subsequent proteosomal-dependent degradation due in part to Cu/cellular prion protein/LRP1 interaction. In APP(sw/0) mice, Cu not only down-regulated LRP1 in brain capillaries but also increased A? production and neuroinflammation because Cu accumulated in brain capillaries and, unlike in control mice, in the parenchyma. Thus, we have demonstrated that Cu's effect on brain A? homeostasis depends on whether it is accumulated in the capillaries or in the parenchyma. These findings should provide unique insights into preventative and/or therapeutic approaches to control neurotoxic A? levels in the aging brain.

SUBMITTER: Singh I

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3767519 | biostudies-literature | 2013 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Low levels of copper disrupt brain amyloid-β homeostasis by altering its production and clearance.

Singh Itender I Sagare Abhay P AP Coma Mireia M Perlmutter David D Gelein Robert R Bell Robert D RD Deane Richard J RJ Zhong Elaine E Parisi Margaret M Ciszewski Joseph J Kasper R Tristan RT Deane Rashid R

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 20130819 36

Whereas amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulates in the brain of normal animals dosed with low levels of copper (Cu), the mechanism is not completely known. Cu could contribute to Aβ accumulation by altering its clearance and/or its production. Because Cu homeostasis is altered in transgenic mice overexpressing Aβ precursor protein (APP), the objective of this study was to elucidate the mechanism of Cu-induced Aβ accumulation in brains of normal mice and then to explore Cu's effects in a mouse model of Alzhei ...[more]

PMID: 23959870

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Project description:UnlabelledCopper is an essential micronutrient used as a metal cofactor by a variety of enzymes, including cytochrome c oxidase (Cox). In all organisms from bacteria to humans, cellular availability and insertion of copper into target proteins are tightly controlled due to its toxicity. The major subunit of Cox contains a copper atom that is required for its catalytic activity. Previously, we identified CcoA (a member of major facilitator superfamily transporters) as a component required for cbb3-type Cox production in the Gram-negative, facultative phototroph Rhodobacter capsulatus. Here, first we demonstrate that CcoA is a cytoplasmic copper importer. Second, we show that bypass suppressors of a ccoA deletion mutant suppress cbb3-Cox deficiency by increasing cellular copper content and sensitivity. Third, we establish that these suppressors are single-base-pair insertion/deletions located in copA, encoding the major P1B-type ATP-dependent copper exporter (CopA) responsible for copper detoxification. A copA deletion alone has no effect on cbb3-Cox biogenesis in an otherwise wild-type background, even though it rescues the cbb3-Cox defect in the absence of CcoA and renders cells sensitive to copper. We conclude that a hitherto unknown functional interplay between the copper importer CcoA and the copper exporter CopA controls intracellular copper homeostasis required for cbb3-Cox production in bacteria like R. capsulatus.ImportanceCopper (Cu) is an essential micronutrient required for many processes in the cell. It is found as a cofactor for heme-copper containing cytochrome c oxidase enzymes at the terminus of the respiratory chains of aerobic organisms by catalyzing reduction of dioxygen (O2) to water. Defects in the biogenesis and copper insertion into cytochrome c oxidases lead to mitochondrial diseases in humans. This work shows that a previously identified Cu transporter (CcoA) is a Cu importer and illustrates the link between two Cu transporters, the importer CcoA and the exporter CopA, required for Cu homeostasis and Cu trafficking to cytochrome c oxidase in the cell.

Dataset Information

Low levels of copper disrupt brain amyloid-? homeostasis by altering its production and clearance.

Publications

Low levels of copper disrupt brain amyloid-β homeostasis by altering its production and clearance.

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