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Transient conformational remodeling of folding proteins by GroES-individually and in concert with GroEL.

ABSTRACT: The commonly accepted dogma of the bacterial GroE chaperonin system entails protein folding mediated by cycles of several ATP-dependent sequential steps where GroEL interacts with the folding client protein. In contrast, we herein report GroES-mediated dynamic remodeling (expansion and compression) of two different protein substrates during folding: the endogenous substrate MreB and carbonic anhydrase (HCAII), a well-characterized protein folding model. GroES was also found to influence GroEL binding induced unfolding and compression of the client protein underlining the synergistic activity of both chaperonins, even in the absence of ATP. This previously unidentified activity by GroES should have important implications for understanding the chaperonin mechanism and cellular stress response. Our findings necessitate a revision of the GroEL/ES mechanism.

SUBMITTER: Moparthi SB

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3877409 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Triggering protein folding within the GroEL-GroES complex.

Project description:The folding of many proteins depends on the assistance of chaperonins like GroEL and GroES and involves the enclosure of substrate proteins inside an internal cavity that is formed when GroES binds to GroEL in the presence of ATP. Precisely how assembly of the GroEL-GroES complex leads to substrate protein encapsulation and folding remains poorly understood. Here we use a chemically modified mutant of GroEL (EL43Py) to uncouple substrate protein encapsulation from release and folding. Although EL43Py correctly initiates a substrate protein encapsulation reaction, this mutant stalls in an intermediate allosteric state of the GroEL ring, which is essential for both GroES binding and the forced unfolding of the substrate protein. This intermediate conformation of the GroEL ring possesses simultaneously high affinity for both GroES and non-native substrate protein, thus preventing escape of the substrate protein while GroES binding and substrate protein compaction takes place. Strikingly, assembly of the folding-active GroEL-GroES complex appears to involve a strategic delay in ATP hydrolysis that is coupled to disassembly of the old, ADP-bound GroEL-GroES complex on the opposite ring.

| S-EPMC2581556 | biostudies-literature

Creating the Functional Single-Ring GroEL-GroES Chaperonin Systems via Modulating GroEL-GroES Interaction.

Project description:Chaperonin and cochaperonin, represented by E. coli GroEL and GroES, are essential molecular chaperones for protein folding. The double-ring assembly of GroEL is required to function with GroES, and a single-ring GroEL variant GroELSR forms a stable complex with GroES, arresting the chaperoning reaction cycle. GroES I25 interacts with GroEL; however, mutations of I25 abolish GroES-GroEL interaction due to the seven-fold mutational amplification in heptameric GroES. To weaken GroELSR-GroES interaction in a controlled manner, we used groES 7, a gene linking seven copies of groES, to incorporate I25 mutations in selected GroES modules in GroES7. We generated GroES7 variants with different numbers of GroESI25A or GroESI25D modules and different arrangements of the mutated modules, and biochemically characterized their interactions with GroELSR. GroES7 variants with two mutated modules participated in GroELSR-mediated protein folding in vitro. GroES7 variants with two or three mutated modules collaborated with GroELSR to perform chaperone function in vivo: three GroES7 variants functioned with GroELSR under both normal and heat-shock conditions. Our studies on functional single-ring bacterial chaperonin systems are informative to the single-ring human mitochondrial chaperonin mtHsp60-mtHsp10, and will provide insights into how the double-ring bacterial system has evolved to the single-ring mtHsp60-mtHsp10.

| S-EPMC5575113 | biostudies-literature

Folding of newly translated membrane protein CCR5 is assisted by the chaperonin GroEL-GroES.

Project description:The in vitro folding of newly translated human CC chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5), which belongs to the physiologically important family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), has been studied in a cell-free system supplemented with the surfactant Brij-35. The freshly synthesized CCR5 can spontaneously fold into its biologically active state but only slowly and inefficiently. However, on addition of the GroEL-GroES molecular chaperone system, the folding of the nascent CCR5 was significantly enhanced, as was the structural stability and functional expression of the soluble form of CCR5. The chaperonin GroEL was partially effective on its own, but for maximum efficiency both the GroEL and its GroES lid were necessary. These results are direct evidence for chaperone-assisted membrane protein folding and therefore demonstrate that GroEL-GroES may be implicated in the folding of membrane proteins.

| S-EPMC4653635 | biostudies-literature

Repetitive protein unfolding by the trans ring of the GroEL-GroES chaperonin complex stimulates folding.

Project description:A key constraint on the growth of most organisms is the slow and inefficient folding of many essential proteins. To deal with this problem, several diverse families of protein folding machines, known collectively as molecular chaperones, developed early in evolutionary history. The functional role and operational steps of these remarkably complex nanomachines remain subjects of active debate. Here we present evidence that, for the GroEL-GroES chaperonin system, the non-native substrate protein enters the folding cycle on the trans ring of the double-ring GroEL-ATP-GroES complex rather than the ADP-bound complex. The properties of this ATP complex are designed to ensure that non-native substrate protein binds first, followed by ATP and finally GroES. This binding order ensures efficient occupancy of the open GroEL ring and allows for disruption of misfolded structures through two phases of multiaxis unfolding. In this model, repeated cycles of partial unfolding, followed by confinement within the GroEL-GroES chamber, provide the most effective overall mechanism for facilitating the folding of the most stringently dependent GroEL substrate proteins.

| S-EPMC3829408 | biostudies-literature

Stimulating the substrate folding activity of a single ring GroEL variant by modulating the cochaperonin GroES.

Project description:In mediating protein folding, chaperonin GroEL and cochaperonin GroES form an enclosed chamber for substrate proteins in an ATP-dependent manner. The essential role of the double ring assembly of GroEL is demonstrated by the functional deficiency of the single ring GroEL(SR). The GroEL(SR)-GroES is highly stable with minimal ATPase activity. To restore the ATP cycle and the turnover of the folding chamber, we sought to weaken the GroEL(SR)-GroES interaction systematically by concatenating seven copies of groES to generate groES(7). GroES Ile-25, Val-26, and Leu-27, residues on the GroEL-GroES interface, were substituted with Asp on different groES modules of groES(7). GroES(7) variants activate ATP activity of GroEL(SR), but only some restore the substrate folding function of GroEL(SR), indicating a direct role of GroES in facilitating substrate folding through its dynamics with GroEL. Active GroEL(SR)-GroES(7) systems may resemble mammalian mitochondrial chaperonin systems.

| S-EPMC3162399 | biostudies-literature

Folding trajectories of human dihydrofolate reductase inside the GroEL GroES chaperonin cavity and free in solution.

Project description:The chaperonin GroEL binds non-native polypeptides in an open ring via hydrophobic contacts and then, after ATP and GroES binding to the same ring as polypeptide, mediates productive folding in the now hydrophilic, encapsulated cis chamber. The nature of the folding reaction in the cis cavity remains poorly understood. In particular, it is unclear whether polypeptides take the same route to the native state in this cavity as they do when folding spontaneously free in solution. Here, we have addressed this question by using NMR measurements of the time course of acquisition of amide proton exchange protection of human dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) during folding in the presence of methotrexate and ATP either free in solution or inside the stable cavity formed between a single ring variant of GroEL, SR1, and GroES. Recovery of DHFR refolded by the SR1/GroES-mediated reaction is 2-fold higher than in the spontaneous reaction. Nevertheless, DHFR folding was found to proceed by the same trajectories inside the cis folding chamber and free in solution. These observations are consistent with the description of the chaperonin chamber as an "Anfinsen cage" where polypeptide folding is determined solely by the amino acid sequence, as it is in solution. However, if misfolding occurs in the confinement of the chaperonin cavity, the polypeptide chain cannot undergo aggregation but rather finds its way back to a productive pathway in a manner that cannot be accomplished in solution, resulting in the observed high overall recovery.

| S-EPMC2410080 | biostudies-literature

Role of the gamma-phosphate of ATP in triggering protein folding by GroEL-GroES: function, structure and energetics.

Project description:Productive cis folding by the chaperonin GroEL is triggered by the binding of ATP but not ADP, along with cochaperonin GroES, to the same ring as non-native polypeptide, ejecting polypeptide into an encapsulated hydrophilic chamber. We examined the specific contribution of the gamma-phosphate of ATP to this activation process using complexes of ADP and aluminium or beryllium fluoride. These ATP analogues supported productive cis folding of the substrate protein, rhodanese, even when added to already-formed, folding-inactive cis ADP ternary complexes, essentially introducing the gamma-phosphate of ATP in an independent step. Aluminium fluoride was observed to stabilize the association of GroES with GroEL, with a substantial release of free energy (-46 kcal/mol). To understand the basis of such activation and stabilization, a crystal structure of GroEL-GroES-ADP.AlF3 was determined at 2.8 A. A trigonal AlF3 metal complex was observed in the gamma-phosphate position of the nucleotide pocket of the cis ring. Surprisingly, when this structure was compared with that of the previously determined GroEL-GroES-ADP complex, no other differences were observed. We discuss the likely basis of the ability of gamma-phosphate binding to convert preformed GroEL-GroES-ADP-polypeptide complexes into the folding-active state.

| S-EPMC204461 | biostudies-literature

Unfolded DapA forms aggregates when diluted into free solution, confounding comparison with folding by the GroEL/GroES chaperonin system.

Project description:A recent hydrogen-deuterium exchange study of folding of the GroEL/GroES-dependent bacterial enzyme DapA has suggested that the DapA folding pathway when free in solution may differ from the folding pathway used in the presence of the GroEL/GroES chaperonin. Here, we have investigated whether DapA aggregation might be occurring in free solution under the conditions of the exchange experiment, as this would confound interpretation of the pathway predictions. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) data, sedimentation analysis and refolding yield indicate that significant aggregation occurs upon dilution of DapA from denaturant, bringing into question the earlier conclusion that different folding pathways occur in the absence and presence of the chaperonin system.

| S-EPMC4410871 | biostudies-literature

ATP-triggered ADP release from the asymmetric chaperonin GroEL/GroES/ADP7 is not the rate-limiting step of the GroEL/GroES reaction cycle.

Project description:The GroEL/GroES protein folding chamber is formed and dissociated by ATP binding and hydrolysis. ATP hydrolysis in the GroES-bound (cis) ring gates entry of ATP into the opposite unoccupied trans ring, which allosterically ejects cis ligands. While earlier studies suggested that hydrolysis of cis ATP is the rate-limiting step of the cycle (t1/2 approximately 10 s), a recent study suggested that ADP release from the cis ring may be rate-limiting (t1/2 approximately 15-20 s). Here we have measured ADP release using a coupled enzyme assay and observed a t1/2 for release of <or=4-5 s, indicating that this is not the rate-limiting step of the reaction cycle.

| S-EPMC2849271 | biostudies-literature

Allosteric signaling of ATP hydrolysis in GroEL-GroES complexes.

Project description:The double-ring chaperonin GroEL and its lid-like cochaperonin GroES form asymmetric complexes that, in the ATP-bound state, mediate productive folding in a hydrophilic, GroES-encapsulated chamber, the so-called cis cavity. Upon ATP hydrolysis within the cis ring, the asymmetric complex becomes able to accept non-native polypeptides and ATP in the open, trans ring. Here we have examined the structural basis for this allosteric switch in activity by cryo-EM and single-particle image processing. ATP hydrolysis does not change the conformation of the cis ring, but its effects are transmitted through an inter-ring contact and cause domain rotations in the mobile trans ring. These rigid-body movements in the trans ring lead to disruption of its intra-ring contacts, expansion of the entire ring and opening of both the nucleotide pocket and the substrate-binding domains, admitting ATP and new substrate protein.

| S-EPMC2871290 | biostudies-literature

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