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Early defect of transforming growth factor ?1 formation in Huntington's disease.

ABSTRACT: A defective expression or activity of neurotrophic factors, such as brain- and glial-derived neurotrophic factors, contributes to neuronal damage in Huntington's disease (HD). Here, we focused on transforming growth factor-? (TGF-?(1) ), a pleiotropic cytokine with an established role in mechanisms of neuroprotection. Asymptomatic HD patients showed a reduction in TGF-?(1) levels in the peripheral blood, which was related to trinucleotide mutation length and glucose hypometabolism in the caudate nucleus. Immunohistochemical analysis in post-mortem brain tissues showed that TGF-?(1) was reduced in cortical neurons of asymptomatic and symptomatic HD patients. Both YAC128 and R6/2 HD mutant mice showed a reduced expression of TGF-?(1) in the cerebral cortex, localized in neurons, but not in astrocytes. We examined the pharmacological regulation of TGF-?(1) formation in asymptomatic R6/2 mice, where blood TGF-?(1) levels were also reduced. In these R6/2 mice, both the mGlu2/3 metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist, LY379268, and riluzole failed to increase TGF-?(1) formation in the cerebral cortex and corpus striatum, suggesting that a defect in the regulation of TGF-?(1) production is associated with HD. Accordingly, reduced TGF-?(1) mRNA and protein levels were found in cultured astrocytes transfected with mutated exon 1 of the human huntingtin gene, and in striatal knock-in cell lines expressing full-length huntingtin with an expanded glutamine repeat. Taken together, our data suggest that serum TGF-?(1) levels are potential biomarkers of HD development during the asymptomatic phase of the disease, and raise the possibility that strategies aimed at rescuing TGF-?(1) levels in the brain may influence the progression of HD.

SUBMITTER: Battaglia G

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3922377 | biostudies-literature | 2011 Mar

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Early defect of transforming growth factor β1 formation in Huntington's disease.

Battaglia Giuseppe G Cannella Milena M Riozzi Barbara B Orobello Sara S Maat-Schieman Marion L ML Aronica Eleonora E Busceti Carla Letizia CL Ciarmiello Andrea A Alberti Silvia S Amico Enrico E Sassone Jenny J Sipione Simonetta S Bruno Valeria V Frati Luigi L Nicoletti Ferdinando F Nicoletti Ferdinando F Squitieri Ferdinando F

Journal of cellular and molecular medicine 20110301 3

A defective expression or activity of neurotrophic factors, such as brain- and glial-derived neurotrophic factors, contributes to neuronal damage in Huntington's disease (HD). Here, we focused on transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β(1) ), a pleiotropic cytokine with an established role in mechanisms of neuroprotection. Asymptomatic HD patients showed a reduction in TGF-β(1) levels in the peripheral blood, which was related to trinucleotide mutation length and glucose hypometabolism in the caudate ...[more]

PMID: 20082658

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Project description:Fabry disease is a lysosomal storage disorder (LSD) caused by deficiency of ?-galactosidase A (?-gal A), resulting in deposition of globotriaosylceramide (Gb3; also known as ceramide trihexoside) in the vascular endothelium of many organs. A gradual accumulation of Gb3 leads to cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and renal dysfunction. Endothelial cell dysfunction leads to renal complications, one of the main symptoms of Fabry disease. However, the pathological mechanisms by which endothelial dysfunction occurs in Fabry disease are poorly characterized. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the expression of transforming growth factor-?1 (TGF-?1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is associated with the renal pathogenesis of Fabry disease. We found that the protein expression levels of renal thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), TGF-?1 and VEGF were higher in the kidneys from Fabry mice compared to wild-type mice. The expression levels of VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2), fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and phospho-p38 (P-p38) were also higher in the kidneys from Fabry mice compared with wild-type mice. Activities of cysteine aspartic acid protease (caspase)-6 and caspase-9 were higher in kidneys from Fabry than from the wild-type mice. These results suggest that overexpression of TGF-?1 and VEGF in the Fabry mouse kidney might contribute to Fabry disease nephropathy by inducing apoptosis. To test whether Gb3 accumulation can induce apoptosis, we incubated bovine aortic endothelial cells with Gb3 and found increased expression of TGF-?1, VEGFR2, VEGF, FGF-2 and P-p38. The combination of increased expression of TGF-?1 and VEGF caused by Gb3 accumulation may allow upregulation of FGF-2, VEGFR2 and P-p38 expression, and these changes may be associated with Fabry disease nephropathy by inducing apoptosis.

Dataset Information

Early defect of transforming growth factor ?1 formation in Huntington's disease.

Publications

Early defect of transforming growth factor β1 formation in Huntington's disease.

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