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Controlling magnetotactic bacteria through an integrated nanofabricated metallic island and optical microscope approach.

ABSTRACT: Herein, we demonstrate the control of magnetotactic bacteria through the application of magnetic field gradients with real-time visualization. We accomplish this control by integrating a pair of macroscale Helmholtz coils and lithographically fabricated nanoscale islands composed of permalloy (Ni₈₀Fe₂₀). This system enabled us to guide and steer amphitrichous Magnetospirillum magneticum strain AMB-1 to specific location via magnetic islands. The geometries of the islands allowed us to have control over the specific magnetic field gradients on the bacteria. We estimate that magnetotactic bacteria located less than 1 μm from the edge of a diamond shaped island experience a maximum force of approximately 34 pN, which engages the bacteria without trapping them. Our system could be useful for a variety of applications including magnetic fabrication, self-assembly, and probing the sensing apparatus of magnetotactic bacteria.

SUBMITTER: Gonzalez LM

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3930094 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:PurposeWe develop and assess the impact of depth-based, motion-stabilized colorization (color) of microscope-integrated optical coherence tomography (MIOCT) volumes on microsurgical performance and ability to interpret surgical volumes.MethodsColor was applied in real-time as gradients indicating axial position and stabilized based on calculated center of mass. In a test comparing colorization versus grayscale visualizations of prerecorded intraoperative volumes from human surgery, ophthalmologists (N = 7) were asked to identify retinal membranes, the presence of an instrument, its contact with tissue, and associated deformation of the retina. In a separate controlled trial, trainees (N = 15) performed microsurgical skills without conventional optical visualization and compared colorized versus grayscale MIOCT visualization on a stereoptic screen. Skills included thickness identification, instrument placement, and object manipulation, and were assessed based on time, performance metrics, and confidence.ResultsIn intraoperative volume testing, colorization improved ability to differentiate membrane from retina (P < 0.01), correctly identify instrument contact with membrane (P = 0.03), and retinal deformation (P = 0.01). In model microsurgical skills testing, trainees working with colorized volumes were faster (P < 0.01) and more correct (P < 0.01) in assessments of thickness for recessed and elevated objects, were less likely to inadvertently contact a surface when approaching with an instrument (P < 0.01), and uniformly more confident (P < 0.01 for each) in conducting each skill.ConclusionsDepth-based colorization enables effective identification of retinal membranes and tissue deformation. In microsurgical skill testing, it improves user efficiency, and confidence in microscope-independent, OCT-guided model surgical maneuvers.Translational relevanceNovel depth-based colorization and stabilization technology improves the use of intraoperative MIOCT.

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Controlling magnetotactic bacteria through an integrated nanofabricated metallic island and optical microscope approach.

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