How quickly can a ?-hairpin fold from its transition state?

ABSTRACT: Understanding the structural nature of the free energy bottleneck(s) encountered in protein folding is essential to elucidating the underlying dynamics and mechanism. For this reason, several techniques, including ?-value analysis, have previously been developed to infer the structural characteristics of such high free-energy or transition states. Herein we propose that one (or few) appropriately placed backbone and/or side chain cross-linkers, such as disulfides, could be used to populate a thermodynamically accessible conformational state that mimics the folding transition state. Specifically, we test this hypothesis on a model ?-hairpin, Trpzip4, as its folding mechanism has been extensively studied and is well understood. Our results show that cross-linking the two ?-strands near the turn region increases the folding rate by an order of magnitude, to about (500 ns)(?1), whereas cross-linking the termini results in a hyperstable ?-hairpin that has essentially the same folding rate as the uncross-linked peptide. Taken together, these findings suggest that cross-linking is not only a useful strategy to manipulate folding free energy barriers, as shown in other studies, but also, in some cases, it can be used to stabilize a folding transition state analogue and allow for direct assessment of the folding process on the downhill side of the free energy barrier. The calculated free energy landscape of the cross-linked Trpzip4 also supports this picture. An empirical analysis further suggests, when folding of ?-hairpins does not involve a significant free energy barrier, the folding time (?) follows a power law dependence on the number of hydrogen bonds to be formed (n(H)), namely, ? = ?(0)n(H)(?), with ?(0) = 20 ns and ? = 2.3.

SUBMITTER: Markiewicz BN 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3969101 | biostudies-literature | 2014 Mar

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature