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Transcriptomic analyses reveal the adaptive features and biological differences of guts from two invasive whitefly species.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: The gut of phloem feeding insects is critical for nutrition uptake and xenobiotics degradation. However, partly due to its tiny size, genomic information for the gut of phloem feeding insects is limited. RESULTS: In this study, the gut transcriptomes of two species of invasive whiteflies in the Bemisia tabaci complex, Middle East Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) and Mediterranean (MED), were analyzed using the Illumina sequencing. A total of 12,879 MEAM1 transcripts and 11,246 MED transcripts were annotated with a significant Blastx hit. In addition, 7,000 and 5,771 gut specific genes were respectively identified for MEAM1 and MED. Functional analyses on these gut specific genes demonstrated the important roles of gut in metabolism of insecticides and secondary plant chemicals. To reveal the molecular difference between guts of MEAM1 and MED, a comparison between gut transcriptomes of the two species was conducted and 3,910 pairs of orthologous genes were identified. Based on the ratio of nonsynonymous and synonymous substitutions, 15 genes were found evolving under positive selection. Many of those genes are predicted to be involved in metabolism and insecticide resistance. Furthermore, many genes related to detoxification were expressed at an elevated level in the gut of MED compared to MEAM1, which might be responsible for the MED's higher resistance to insecticides and environmental stresses. CONCLUSION: The sequencing of MED and MEAM1 gut transcriptomes and extensive comparisons of MEAM1 and MED gut transcripts provide substantial sequence information for revealing the role of gut in whiteflies.

SUBMITTER: Ye XD

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4035086 | biostudies-literature | 2014

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Transcriptomic analyses reveal the adaptive features and biological differences of guts from two invasive whitefly species.

Ye Xiao-Dong XD Su Yun-Lin YL Zhao Qiong-Yi QY Xia Wen-Qiang WQ Liu Shu-Sheng SS Wang Xiao-Wei XW

BMC genomics 20140515

<h4>Background</h4>The gut of phloem feeding insects is critical for nutrition uptake and xenobiotics degradation. However, partly due to its tiny size, genomic information for the gut of phloem feeding insects is limited.<h4>Results</h4>In this study, the gut transcriptomes of two species of invasive whiteflies in the Bemisia tabaci complex, Middle East Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) and Mediterranean (MED), were analyzed using the Illumina sequencing. A total of 12,879 MEAM1 transcripts and 11,246 MED t ...[more]

PMID: 24885120

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Project description:BACKGROUND: Some species of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci complex cause tremendous losses to crops worldwide through feeding directly and virus transmission indirectly. The primary salivary glands of whiteflies are critical for their feeding and virus transmission. However, partly due to their tiny size, research on whitefly salivary glands is limited and our knowledge on these glands is scarce. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We sequenced the transcriptome of the primary salivary glands of the Mediterranean species of B. tabaci complex using an effective cDNA amplification method in combination with short read sequencing (Illumina). In a single run, we obtained 13,615 unigenes. The quantity of the unigenes obtained from the salivary glands of the whitefly is at least four folds of the salivary gland genes from other plant-sucking insects. To reveal the functions of the primary glands, sequence similarity search and comparisons with the whole transcriptome of the whitefly were performed. The results demonstrated that the genes related to metabolism and transport were significantly enriched in the primary salivary glands. Furthermore, we found that a number of highly expressed genes in the salivary glands might be involved in secretory protein processing, secretion and virus transmission. To identify potential proteins of whitefly saliva, the translated unigenes were put into secretory protein prediction. Finally, 295 genes were predicted to encode secretory proteins and some of them might play important roles in whitefly feeding. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The combined method of cDNA amplification, Illumina sequencing and de novo assembly is suitable for transcriptomic analysis of tiny organs in insects. Through analysis of the transcriptome, genomic features of the primary salivary glands were dissected and biologically important proteins, especially secreted proteins, were predicted. Our findings provide substantial sequence information for the primary salivary glands of whiteflies and will be the basis for future studies on whitefly-plant interactions and virus transmission.

Project description:Pseudomonas aeruginosa can utilize hydrocarbons, but different strains have various degrees of adaptation despite their highly conserved genome. P. aeruginosa ATCC 33988 is highly adapted to hydrocarbons, while P. aeruginosa strain PAO1, a human pathogen, is less adapted and degrades jet fuel at a lower rate than does ATCC 33988. We investigated fuel-specific transcriptomic differences between these strains in order to ascertain the underlying mechanisms utilized by the adapted strain to proliferate in fuel. During growth in fuel, the genes related to alkane degradation, heat shock response, membrane proteins, efflux pumps, and several novel genes were upregulated in ATCC 33988. Overexpression of alk genes in PAO1 provided some improvement in growth, but it was not as robust as that of ATCC 33988, suggesting the role of other genes in adaptation. Expression of the function unknown gene PA5359 from ATCC 33988 in PAO1 increased the growth in fuel. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that PA5359 is a predicted lipoprotein with a conserved Yx(FWY)xxD motif, which is shared among bacterial adhesins. Overexpression of the putative resistance-nodulation-division (RND) efflux pump PA3521 to PA3523 increased the growth of the ATCC 33988 strain, suggesting a possible role in fuel tolerance. Interestingly, the PAO1 strain cannot utilize n-C8 and n-C10 The expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the control of alkB promoters confirmed that alk gene promoter polymorphism affects the expression of alk genes. Promoter fusion assays further confirmed that the regulation of alk genes was different in the two strains. Protein sequence analysis showed low amino acid differences for many of the upregulated genes, further supporting transcriptional control as the main mechanism for enhanced adaptation.IMPORTANCE These results support that specific signal transduction, gene regulation, and coordination of multiple biological responses are required to improve the survival, growth, and metabolism of fuel in adapted strains. This study provides new insight into the mechanistic differences between strains and helpful information that may be applied in the improvement of bacterial strains for resistance to biotic and abiotic factors encountered during bioremediation and industrial biotechnological processes.

Project description:Background: As a heavy metal, manganese (Mn) can be toxic to plants. Stylo (Stylosanthes) is an important tropical legume that exhibits tolerance to high levels of Mn. However, little is known about the adaptive responses of stylo to Mn toxicity. Thus, this study integrated both physiological and transcriptomic analyses of stylo subjected to Mn toxicity.Results: Results showed that excess Mn treatments increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in leaves of stylo, resulting in the reduction of leaf chlorophyll concentrations and plant dry weight. In contrast, the activities of enzymes, such as peroxidase (POD), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO), were significantly increased in stylo leaves upon treatment with increasing Mn levels, particularly Mn levels greater than 400??M. Transcriptome analysis revealed 2471 up-regulated and 1623 down-regulated genes in stylo leaves subjected to Mn toxicity. Among them, a set of excess Mn up-regulated genes, such as genes encoding PAL, cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenases (CADs), chalcone isomerase (CHI), chalcone synthase (CHS) and flavonol synthase (FLS), were enriched in secondary metabolic processes based on gene ontology (GO) analysis. Numerous genes associated with transcription factors (TFs), such as genes belonging to the C2H2 zinc finger transcription factor, WRKY and MYB families, were also regulated by Mn in stylo leaves. Furthermore, the C2H2 and MYB transcription factors were predicted to be involved in the transcriptional regulation of genes that participate in secondary metabolism in stylo during Mn exposure. Interestingly, the activation of secondary metabolism-related genes probably resulted in increased levels of secondary metabolites, including total phenols, flavonoids, tannins and anthocyanidins.Conclusions: Taken together, this study reveals the roles of secondary metabolism in the adaptive responses of stylo to Mn toxicity, which is probably regulated by specific transcription factors.

Project description:BackgroundThe whitefly Bemisa tabaci is a species complex of more than 31 cryptic species which include some of the most destructive invasive pests of crops worldwide. Among them, Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) and Mediterranean have invaded many countries and displaced the native whitefly species. The successful invasion of the two species is largely due to their wide range of host plants, high resistance to insecticides and remarkable tolerance to environmental stresses. However, the molecular differences between invasive and indigenous whiteflies remain largely unknown.Methodology/principal findingsHere the global transcriptional difference between the two invasive whitefly species (MEAM1, MED) and one indigenous whitefly species (Asia II 3) were analyzed using the Illumina sequencing. Our analysis indicated that 2,422 genes between MEAM1 and MED; 3,073 genes between MEAM1 and Asia II 3; and 3,644 genes between MED and Asia II 3 were differentially expressed. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis revealed that the differently expressed genes between the invasive and indigenous whiteflies were significantly enriched in the term of 'oxidoreductase activity'. Pathway enrichment analysis showed that carbohydrate, amino acid and glycerolipid metabolisms were more active in MEAM1 and MED than in Asia II 3, which may contribute to their differences in biological characteristics. Our analysis also illustrated that the majority of genes involved in 'drug metabolic pathway' were expressed at a higher level in MEAM1 and MED than in Asia II 3. Taken together, these results revealed that the genes related to basic metabolism and detoxification were expressed at an elevated level in the invasive whiteflies, which might be responsible for their higher resistance to insecticides and environmental stresses.Conclusions/significanceThe extensive comparison of MEAM1, MED and Asia II 3 gene expression may serve as an invaluable resource for revealing the molecular mechanisms underlying their biological differences and the whitefly invasion.

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Transcriptomic analyses reveal the adaptive features and biological differences of guts from two invasive whitefly species.

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Transcriptomic analyses reveal the adaptive features and biological differences of guts from two invasive whitefly species.

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