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Synergy between sphingosine 1-phosphate and lipopolysaccharide signaling promotes an inflammatory, angiogenic and osteogenic response in human aortic valve interstitial cells.

ABSTRACT: Given that the bioactive lipid sphingosine 1-phosphate is involved in cardiovascular pathophysiology, and since lipid accumulation and inflammation are hallmarks of calcific aortic stenosis, the role of sphingosine 1-phosphate on the pro-inflammatory/pro-osteogenic pathways in human interstitial cells from aortic and pulmonary valves was investigated. Real-time PCR showed sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor expression in aortic valve interstitial cells. Exposure of cells to sphingosine 1-phosphate induced pro-inflammatory responses characterized by interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and cyclooxygenase-2 up-regulations, as observed by ELISA and Western blot. Strikingly, cell treatment with sphingosine 1-phosphate plus lipopolysaccharide resulted in the synergistic induction of cyclooxygenase-2, and intercellular adhesion molecule 1, as well as the secretion of prostaglandin E2, the soluble form of the intercellular adhesion molecule 1, and the pro-angiogenic factor vascular endothelial growth factor-A. Remarkably, the synergistic effect was significantly higher in aortic valve interstitial cells from stenotic than control valves, and was drastically lower in cells from pulmonary valves, which rarely undergo stenosis. siRNA and pharmacological analysis revealed the involvement of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors 1/3 and Toll-like receptor-4, and downstream signaling through p38/MAPK, protein kinase C, and NF-?B. As regards pro-osteogenic pathways, sphingosine 1-phosphate induced calcium deposition and the expression of the calcification markers bone morphogenetic protein-2 and alkaline phosphatase, and enhanced the effect of lipopolysaccharide, an effect that was partially blocked by inhibition of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors 3/2 signaling. In conclusion, the interplay between sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors and Toll-like receptor 4 signaling leads to a cooperative up-regulation of inflammatory, angiogenic, and osteogenic pathways in aortic valve interstitial cells that seems relevant to the pathogenesis of aortic stenosis and may allow the inception of new therapeutic approaches.

SUBMITTER: Fernandez-Pisonero I

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4183546 | biostudies-literature | 2014

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Synergy between sphingosine 1-phosphate and lipopolysaccharide signaling promotes an inflammatory, angiogenic and osteogenic response in human aortic valve interstitial cells.

Fernández-Pisonero Isabel I López Javier J Onecha Esther E Dueñas Ana I AI Maeso Patricia P Crespo Mariano Sánchez MS San Román José Alberto JA García-Rodríguez Carmen C

PloS one 20141002 9

Given that the bioactive lipid sphingosine 1-phosphate is involved in cardiovascular pathophysiology, and since lipid accumulation and inflammation are hallmarks of calcific aortic stenosis, the role of sphingosine 1-phosphate on the pro-inflammatory/pro-osteogenic pathways in human interstitial cells from aortic and pulmonary valves was investigated. Real-time PCR showed sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor expression in aortic valve interstitial cells. Exposure of cells to sphingosine 1-phosphate ...[more]

PMID: 25275309

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Project description:Elevated level of blood phosphate (Pi) associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a risk factor of aortic valve calcification. Aortic valve interstitial cells (AVICs) display osteogenic responses to high Pi although the underlying mechanism is incompletely understood. Sox9 is a pro-chondrogenic factor and may play a role in ectopic tissue calcification. Circulating and kidney levels of Klotho are reduced in patients with CKD. We hypothesized that Sox9 mediates high Pi-induced osteogenic responses in human AVICs and that Klotho inhibits the responses. Treatment of human AVICs with high Pi increased protein levels of Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and a prolonged exposure to high Pi caused calcium deposition. High Pi induced Sox9 upregulation through PKD and Akt activation. Knockdown of Sox9 essentially abolished the effect of high Pi on the osteogenic responses. Lower Klotho levels were observed in calcified aortic valve tissues. Interestingly, high Pi decreased Klotho levels in AVICs from normal valves, and treatment with recombinant Klotho markedly reduced the effect of high Pi on the levels of Sox9, Runx2, and ALP and suppressed calcium deposition. We conclude that high Pi induces human AVIC osteogenic responses through Sox9. Human AVICs express Klotho, and its levels in AVICs are modulated by high Pi and valvular calcification. Importantly, Klotho suppresses the pro-osteogenic effect of high Pi on human AVICs. These novel findings indicate that modulation of Klotho may have therapeutic potential for mitigation of valvular calcification associated with CKD.Key messagesCAVD associated with chronic kidney disease is a significant clinical problem. High phosphate upregulates Sox9 through AKT and PKD in human AVICs. Calcified human aortic valves have lower levels of Klotho. Klotho suppresses Sox9 upregulation and intranuclear translocation. Klotho inhibits high phosphate-induced osteogenic activity in human AVICs.

Project description:Background: Aortic valve calcification is an active proliferative process, where interstitial cells of the valve transform into either myofibroblasts or osteoblast-like cells causing valve deformation, thickening of cusps and finally stenosis. This process may be triggered by several factors including inflammation, mechanical stress or interaction of cells with certain components of extracellular matrix. The matrix is different on the two sides of the valve leaflets. We hypothesize that inflammation and mechanical stress stimulate osteogenic differentiation of human aortic valve interstitial cells (VICs) and this may depend on the side of the leaflet. Methods: Interstitial cells isolated from healthy and calcified human aortic valves were cultured on collagen or elastin coated plates with flexible bottoms, simulating the matrix on the aortic and ventricular side of the valve leaflets, respectively. The cells were subjected to 10% stretch at 1 Hz (FlexCell bioreactor) or treated with 0.1 μg/ml lipopolysaccharide, or both during 24 h. Gene expression of myofibroblast- and osteoblast-specific genes was analyzed by qPCR. VICs cultured in presence of osteogenic medium together with lipopolysaccharide, 10% stretch or both for 14 days were stained for calcification using Alizarin Red. Results: Treatment with lipopolysaccharide increased expression of osteogenic gene bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) (5-fold increase from control; p = 0.02) and decreased expression of mRNA of myofibroblastic markers: α-smooth muscle actin (ACTA2) (50% reduction from control; p = 0.0006) and calponin (CNN1) (80% reduction from control; p = 0.0001) when cells from calcified valves were cultured on collagen, but not on elastin. Mechanical stretch of VICs cultured on collagen augmented the effect of lipopolysaccharide. Expression of periostin (POSTN) was inhibited in cells from calcified donors after treatment with lipopolysaccharide on collagen (70% reduction from control, p = 0.001), but not on elastin. Lipopolysaccharide and stretch both enhanced the pro-calcific effect of osteogenic medium, further increasing the effect when combined for cells cultured on collagen, but not on elastin. Conclusion: Inflammation and mechanical stress trigger expression of osteogenic genes in VICs in a side-specific manner, while inhibiting the myofibroblastic pathway. Stretch and lipopolysaccharide synergistically increase calcification.

Dataset Information

Synergy between sphingosine 1-phosphate and lipopolysaccharide signaling promotes an inflammatory, angiogenic and osteogenic response in human aortic valve interstitial cells.

Publications

Synergy between sphingosine 1-phosphate and lipopolysaccharide signaling promotes an inflammatory, angiogenic and osteogenic response in human aortic valve interstitial cells.

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