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A randomized crossover, pilot study examining the effects of a normal protein vs. high protein breakfast on food cravings and reward signals in overweight/obese "breakfast skipping", late-adolescent girls.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: This pilot study examined whether the addition of a normal protein (NP) vs. high protein (HP) breakfast leads to alterations in food cravings and plasma homovanillic acid (HVA), which is an index of central dopamine production, in overweight/obese 'breakfast skipping' late-adolescent young women. METHODS: A randomized crossover design was incorporated in which 20 girls (age 19?±?1 y; BMI 28.6?±?0.7 kg/m2) consumed 350 kcal NP (13 g protein) breakfast meals, 350 kcal HP (35 g protein) breakfast meals, or continued breakfast skipping (BS) for 6 consecutive days/pattern. On day 7 of each pattern, a 4 h testing day was completed including the consumption of breakfast (or no breakfast) followed by food craving questionnaires and blood sampling for HVA concentrations throughout the morning. RESULTS: Both breakfast meals reduced post-meal cravings for sweet and savory foods and increased HVA concentrations vs. BS (all, p?

SUBMITTER: Hoertel HA

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4249715 | biostudies-literature | 2014

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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A randomized crossover, pilot study examining the effects of a normal protein vs. high protein breakfast on food cravings and reward signals in overweight/obese "breakfast skipping", late-adolescent girls.

Hoertel Heather A HA Will Matthew J MJ Leidy Heather J HJ

Nutrition journal 20140806

<h4>Background</h4>This pilot study examined whether the addition of a normal protein (NP) vs. high protein (HP) breakfast leads to alterations in food cravings and plasma homovanillic acid (HVA), which is an index of central dopamine production, in overweight/obese 'breakfast skipping' late-adolescent young women.<h4>Methods</h4>A randomized crossover design was incorporated in which 20 girls (age 19 ± 1 y; BMI 28.6 ± 0.7 kg/m2) consumed 350 kcal NP (13 g protein) breakfast meals, 350 kcal HP ( ...[more]

PMID: 25098557

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Project description:BackgroundBreakfast skipping is a common dietary habit practiced among adolescents and is strongly associated with obesity.ObjectiveThe objective was to examine whether a high-protein (HP) compared with a normal-protein (NP) breakfast leads to daily improvements in appetite, satiety, food motivation and reward, and evening snacking in overweight or obese breakfast-skipping girls.DesignA randomized crossover design was incorporated in which 20 girls [mean ± SEM age: 19 ± 1 y; body mass index (in kg/m(2)): 28.6 ± 0.7] consumed 350-kcal NP (13 g protein) cereal-based breakfasts, consumed 350-kcal HP egg- and beef-rich (35 g protein) breakfasts, or continued breakfast skipping (BS) for 6 d. On day 7, a 10-h testing day was completed that included appetite and satiety questionnaires, blood sampling, predinner food cue-stimulated functional magnetic resonance imaging brain scans, ad libitum dinner, and evening snacking.ResultsThe consumption of breakfast reduced daily hunger compared with BS with no differences between meals. Breakfast increased daily fullness compared with BS, with the HP breakfast eliciting greater increases than did the NP breakfast. HP, but not NP, reduced daily ghrelin and increased daily peptide YY concentrations compared with BS. Both meals reduced predinner amygdala, hippocampal, and midfrontal corticolimbic activation compared with BS. HP led to additional reductions in hippocampal and parahippocampal activation compared with NP. HP, but not NP, reduced evening snacking of high-fat foods compared with BS.ConclusionsBreakfast led to beneficial alterations in the appetitive, hormonal, and neural signals that control food intake regulation. Only the HP breakfast led to further alterations in these signals and reduced evening snacking compared with BS, although no differences in daily energy intake were observed. These data suggest that the addition of breakfast, particularly one rich in protein, might be a useful strategy to improve satiety, reduce food motivation and reward, and improve diet quality in overweight or obese teenage girls. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01192100.

Project description:BackgroundObservational studies show associations between breakfast skipping, reduced satiety, and poor sleep quality; however, intervention studies are lacking.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to examine the effects of consuming breakfast compared with breakfast skipping on appetitive, hormonal, and neural markers of appetite and satiety; ad libitum food intake; and exploratory measures of sleep health in young adults.MethodsThirteen adults [aged 23.5 ± 0.9 y (mean ± SEMs); body mass index (kg/m2): 23.6 ± 0.6] completed the following randomized crossover-design study. Participants consumed a high-protein breakfast ("Breakfast"; 340 kcal, 30 g protein, 36 g carbohydrate, 9 g fat) or skipped breakfast ("Skip") for 7 d/treatment. On day 7, an 8-h clinical testing day was completed including assessments of hunger, fullness, desire to eat, prospective food consumption (PFC), related hormones, food cue-stimulated functional magnetic resonance imaging brain scans, and ad libitum evening food intake. Sleep quantity and quality were assessed with 7-d actigraphy, 7-d sleep diaries, and sleep-related hormones.ResultsMorning and daily hunger, desire to eat, PFC, and ghrelin decreased, whereas fullness increased after the Breakfast pattern compared with after the Skip pattern (all, P < 0.05). No difference in peptide YY (PYY) concentrations were detected. Hippocampal, parahippocampal, and middle frontal gyrus activations were reduced after the Breakfast pattern compared with the Skip pattern (all, P < 0.01). Although no differences in daily food intake were observed, the Breakfast pattern reduced evening intake of high-carbohydrate and high-fat foods (P < 0.05), whereas evening sugar intake tended to be reduced compared with the Skip pattern (P = 0.085). Although Breakfast led to shorter total sleep time (TST) compared with Skip (P < 0.05), no difference in sleep efficiency (TST/sleep period) was detected. Perceived sleep quality and sleep onset tended to improve after Breakfast compared with after Skip (P = 0.060 and P = 0.07, respectively).ConclusionBreakfast consumption improved appetite, satiety, and diet quality and may support some aspects of sleep health in healthy young adults. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03031132.

Project description:BackgroundLittle is known about the contribution of genetic variation to food timing, and breakfast has been determined to exhibit the most heritable meal timing. As breakfast timing and skipping are not routinely measured in large cohort studies, alternative approaches include analyses of correlated traits.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to elucidate breakfast skipping genetic variants through a proxy-phenotype genome-wide association study (GWAS) for breakfast cereal skipping, a commonly assessed correlated trait.MethodsWe leveraged the statistical power of the UK Biobank (n = 193,860) to identify genetic variants related to breakfast cereal skipping as a proxy-phenotype for breakfast skipping and applied several in silico approaches to investigate mechanistic functions and links to traits/diseases. Next, we attempted validation of our approach in smaller breakfast skipping GWAS from the TwinUK (n = 2,006) and the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) consortium (n = 11,963).ResultsIn the UK Biobank, we identified 6 independent GWAS variants, including those implicated for caffeine (ARID3B/CYP1A1), carbohydrate metabolism (FGF21), schizophrenia (ZNF804A), and encoding enzymes important for N6-methyladenosine RNA transmethylation (METTL4, YWHAB, and YTHDF3), which regulates the pace of the circadian clock. Expression of identified genes was enriched in the cerebellum. Genome-wide correlation analyses indicated positive correlations with anthropometric traits. Through Mendelian randomization (MR), we observed causal links between genetically determined breakfast skipping and higher body mass index, more depressive symptoms, and smoking. In bidirectional MR, we demonstrated a causal link between being an evening person and skipping breakfast, but not vice versa. We observed association of our signals in an independent breakfast skipping GWAS in another British cohort (P = 0.032), TwinUK, but not in a meta-analysis of non-British cohorts from the CHARGE consortium (P = 0.095).ConclusionsOur proxy-phenotype GWAS identified 6 genetic variants for breakfast skipping, linking clock regulation with food timing and suggesting a possible beneficial role of regular breakfast intake as part of a healthy lifestyle.

Dataset Information

A randomized crossover, pilot study examining the effects of a normal protein vs. high protein breakfast on food cravings and reward signals in overweight/obese "breakfast skipping", late-adolescent girls.

Publications

A randomized crossover, pilot study examining the effects of a normal protein vs. high protein breakfast on food cravings and reward signals in overweight/obese "breakfast skipping", late-adolescent girls.

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