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In silico screening for Plasmodium falciparum enoyl-ACP reductase inhibitors.

ABSTRACT: The need for novel therapeutics against Plasmodium falciparum is urgent due to recent emergence of multi-drug resistant malaria parasites. Since fatty acids are essential for both the liver and blood stages of the malarial parasite, targeting fatty acid biosynthesis is a promising strategy for combatting P. falciparum. We present a combined computational and experimental study to identify novel inhibitors of enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (PfENR) in the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway. A small-molecule database from ChemBridge was docked into three distinct PfENR crystal structures that provide multiple receptor conformations. Two different docking algorithms were used to generate a consensus score in order to rank possible small molecule hits. Our studies led to the identification of five low-micromolar pyrimidine dione inhibitors of PfENR.

SUBMITTER: Lindert S

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4278936 | biostudies-literature | 2015 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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In silico screening for Plasmodium falciparum enoyl-ACP reductase inhibitors.

Lindert Steffen S Tallorin Lorillee L Nguyen Quynh G QG Burkart Michael D MD McCammon J Andrew JA

Journal of computer-aided molecular design 20141025 1

The need for novel therapeutics against Plasmodium falciparum is urgent due to recent emergence of multi-drug resistant malaria parasites. Since fatty acids are essential for both the liver and blood stages of the malarial parasite, targeting fatty acid biosynthesis is a promising strategy for combatting P. falciparum. We present a combined computational and experimental study to identify novel inhibitors of enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (PfENR) in the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway. A s ...[more]

PMID: 25344312

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Dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum enoyl-ACP reductase and implications on drug discovery.

Project description:Enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (ENR) is a crucial enzyme in the type II fatty acid synthesis pathway of many pathogens such as Plasmodium falciparum, the etiological agent of the most severe form of malaria. Because of its essential function of fatty acid double bond reduction and the absence of a human homologue, PfENR is an interesting drug target. Although extensive knowledge of the protein structure has been gathered over the last decade, comparatively little remains known about the dynamics of this crucial enzyme. Here, we perform extensive molecular dynamics simulations of tetrameric PfENR in different states of cofactor and ligand binding, and with a variety of different ligands bound. A pocket-volume analysis is also performed, and virtual screening is used to identify potential druggable hotspots. The implications of the results for future drug-discovery projects are discussed.

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Project description:Triclosan, a known antibacterial, acts by inhibiting enoyl-ACP (acyl-carrier protein) reductase (ENR), a key enzyme of the type II fatty acid synthesis (FAS) system. Plasmodium falciparum, the human malaria-causing parasite, harbours the type II FAS; in contrast, its human host utilizes type I FAS. Due to this striking difference, ENR has emerged as an important target for the development of new antimalarials. Modelling studies, and the crystal structure of P. falciparum ENR, have highlighted the features of ternary complex formation between the enzyme, triclosan and NAD+ [Suguna, A. Surolia and N. Surolia (2001) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 283, 224-228; Perozzo, Kuo, Sidhu, Valiyaveettil, Bittman, Jacobs, Fidock, and Sacchettini (2002) J. Biol. Chem. 277, 13106-13114; and Swarnamukhi, Kapoor, N. Surolia, A. Surolia and Suguna (2003) PDB1UH5]. To address the issue of the importance of the residues involved in strong specific and stoichiometric binding of triclosan to P. falciparum ENR, we mutated the following residues: Ala-217, Asn-218, Met-281, and Phe-368. The affinity of all the mutants was reduced for triclosan as compared with the wild-type enzyme to different extents. The most significant mutation was A217V, which led to a greater than 7000-fold decrease in the binding affinity for triclosan as compared with wild-type PfENR. A217G showed only 10-fold reduction in the binding affinity. Thus, these studies point out significant differences in the triclosan-binding region of the P. falciparum enzyme from those of its bacterial counterparts.

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Project description:The problem of increasing bacterial resistance to the current generation of antibiotics is well documented. Known resistant pathogens such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus are becoming more prevalent, while the potential exists for developing drug-resistant pathogens for use as bioweapons, such as Bacillus anthracis. The biphenyl ether antibacterial agent, triclosan, exhibits broad-spectrum activity by targeting the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway through inhibition of enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (ENR) and provides a potential scaffold for the development of new, broad-spectrum antibiotics. We used a structure-based approach to develop novel aryl ether analogues of triclosan that target ENR, the product of the fabI gene, from B. anthracis (BaENR). Structure-based design methods were used for the expansion of the compound series including X-ray crystal structure determination, molecular docking, and QSAR methods. Structural modifications were made to both phenyl rings of the 2-phenoxyphenyl core. A number of compounds exhibited improved potency against BaENR and increased efficacy against both the Sterne strain of B. anthracis and the methicillin-resistant strain of S. aureus. X-ray crystal structures of BaENR in complex with triclosan and two other compounds help explain the improved efficacy of the new compounds and suggest future rounds of optimization that might be used to improve their potency.

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