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Inhibition of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection by recombinant adenovirus- and/or exosome-delivered the artificial microRNAs targeting sialoadhesin and CD163 receptors.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: The current vaccines failed to provide substantial protection against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) and the new vaccine development faces great challenges. Sialoadhesin (Sn) and CD163 are the two key receptors for PRRS virus (PRRSV) infection of porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs), but the artificial microRNA (amiRNA) strategy targeting two viral receptors has not been described. METHODS: The candidate miRNAs targeting Sn or CD163 receptor were predicted using a web-based miRNA design tool and validated by transfection of cells with each amiRNA expression vector plus the reporter vector. The amiRNA-expressing recombinant adenoviruses (rAds) were generated using AdEasy Adenoviral Vector System. The rAd transduction efficiencies for pig cells were measured by flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy. The expression and exosome-mediated secretion of amiRNAs were detected by RT-PCR. The knock-down of Sn or CD163 receptor by rAd- and/or exosome-delivered amiRNA was detected by quantitative RT-PCR and flow cytometry. The additive anti-PRRSV effect between the two amiRNAs was detected by quantitative RT-PCR and viral titration. RESULTS: All 18 amiRNAs validated were effective against Sn or CD163 receptor mRNA expression. Two rAds expressing Sn- or CD163-targeted amiRNA were generated for further study. The maximal rAd transduction efficiency was 62% for PAMs at MOI 800 or 100% for PK-15 cells at MOI 100. The sequence-specific amiRNAs were expressed efficiently in and secreted from the rAd-transduced cells via exosomes. The expression of Sn and CD163 receptors was inhibited significantly by rAd transduction and/or amiRNA-containing exosome treatment at mRNA and protein levels. Both PRRSV ORF7 copy number and viral titer were reduced significantly by transduction of PAMs with the two rAds and/or by treatment with the two amiRNA-containing exosomes. The additive anti-PRRSV effect between the two amiRNAs was relatively long-lasting (96 h) and effective against three different viral strains. CONCLUSION: These results suggested that Sn- and CD163-targeted amiRNAs had an additive anti-PRRSV effect against different viral strains. Our findings provide new evidence supporting the hypothesis that exosomes can also serve as an efficient small RNA transfer vehicle for pig cells.

SUBMITTER: Zhu L

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4279792 | biostudies-literature | 2014

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Inhibition of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection by recombinant adenovirus- and/or exosome-delivered the artificial microRNAs targeting sialoadhesin and CD163 receptors.

Zhu Li L Song Hongqin H Zhang Xinyu X Xia Xiaoli X Sun Huaichang H

Virology journal 20141219

<h4>Background</h4>The current vaccines failed to provide substantial protection against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) and the new vaccine development faces great challenges. Sialoadhesin (Sn) and CD163 are the two key receptors for PRRS virus (PRRSV) infection of porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs), but the artificial microRNA (amiRNA) strategy targeting two viral receptors has not been described.<h4>Methods</h4>The candidate miRNAs targeting Sn or CD163 receptor were pre ...[more]

PMID: 25522782

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Project description:BackgroundPorcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes major economic losses in the pig industry worldwide. In vivo, the virus infects a subpopulation of tissue macrophages. In vitro, PRRSV only replicates in primary pig macrophages and African green monkey kidney derived cells, such as Marc-145. The latter is currently used for vaccine production. However, since virus entry in Marc-145 cells is different compared to entry in primary macrophages, specific epitopes associated with virus entry could potentially alter upon growth on Marc-145 cells. To avoid this, we constructed CHO and PK15 cell lines recombinantly expressing the PRRSV receptors involved in virus entry into macrophages, sialoadhesin (Sn) and CD163 (CHOSn-CD163 and PK15Sn-CD163) and evaluated their potential for production of PRRSV.ResultsDetailed analysis of PRRSV infection revealed that LV and VR-2332 virus particles could attach to and internalize into the CHOSn-CD163 and PK15Sn-CD163 cells. Initially, this occurred less efficiently for macrophage grown virus than for Marc-145 grown virus. Upon internalization, disassembly of the virus particles was observed. The two cell lines could be infected with PRRSV strains LV and VR-2332. However, it was observed that Marc-145 grown virus infected the cells more efficiently than macrophage grown virus. If the cells were treated with neuraminidase to remove cis-acting sialic acids that hinder the interaction of the virus with Sn, the amount of infected cells with macrophage grown virus increased. Comparison of both cell lines showed that the PK15Sn-CD163 cell line gave in general better results than the CHOSn-CD163 cell line. Only 2 out of 5 PRRSV strains replicated well in CHOSn-CD163 cells. Furthermore, the virus titer of all 5 PRRSV strains produced after passaging in PK15Sn-CD163 cells was similar to the virus titer of those strains produced in Marc-145 cells. Analysis of the sequence of the structural proteins of original virus and virus grown for 5 passages on PK15Sn-CD163 cells showed either no amino acid (aa) changes (VR-2332 and 07V063), one aa (LV), two aa (08V194) or three aa (08V204) changes. None of these changes are situated in known neutralizing epitopes.ConclusionsA PRRSV susceptible cell line was constructed that can grow virus to similar levels compared to currently available cell lines. Mutations induced by growth on this cell lines were either absent or minimal and located outside known neutralizing epitopes. Together, the results show that this cell line can be used to produce vaccine virus and for PRRSV virus isolation.

Project description:Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) exhibits a highly restricted tropism for cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage, utilizing porcine CD163 (pCD163) as an indispensable cellular receptor for infection. Transfection the gene of pCD163 into several non-permissive cell lines followed by protein expression confers susceptibility to PRRSV. A lack of specialized porcine antibody tools for use with existing porcine-derived primary cells and cell lines has hampered studies of both PRRSV pathogenesis and virus triggering of immune response cascades. Therefore, we constructed PRRSV-susceptible murine alveolar macrophage-derived MH-S and peritoneal macrophage-like RAW264.7 cell lines by achieving pCD163 cell surface expression in these cells. We then evaluated PRRSV susceptibility and cytokine expression patterns induced upon PRRSV infection of these pCD163-expressing cell lines.Growth of MH-SCD163 and RAW264.7CD163 cells was indistinguishable from growth of un-transfected parental cell lines. Meanwhile, various stages of the PRRSV replication cycle, including viral particle attachment, internalization, disassembly and infection were confirmed in both pCD163-transfected cell lines. Analysis of PRRSV replication using immunofluorescence staining of virus and viral titration of cell lysates demonstrated that both MH-SCD163 and RAW264.7CD163 cells supported replication of various genotype 2 PRRSV isolates. Moreover, PRRSV replication in MH-SCD163 cells was similar to that observed in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) and was more efficient than in RAW264.7CD163 cells. However, peak virus titers in MH-SCD163 cells were attained at 60 h post-infection (pi) versus 48 hpi in PAMs. Analysis of cytokine expression showed that post-PRRSV infection, mRNA expression patterns of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-? and IFN-?) in MH-SCD163 cells were more similar to those observed in PAMs versus levels in RAW264.7CD163 cells.MH-S and RAW264.7 cells were not susceptible to PRRSV infection until transfection and subsequent expression of pCD163 were achieved in these cell lines. The PRRSV-susceptible MH-SCD163 cell line efficiently supported viral replication of various genotype 2 PRRSV isolates and exhibited similar cytokine expression patterns as observed in PAMs. In conclusion, this work describes the development of new tools to further understand PRRSV pathogenesis and immune response mechanisms to PRRSV infection.

Project description:UnlabelledAs a consequence of their effects on ectodomain shedding, members of the A disintegrin and metalloprotease (ADAM) family have been implicated in the control of various cellular processes. Although ADAM family members are also involved in cancer, inflammation, and other pathologies, it is unclear whether they affect porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that inhibition of ADAM17 enhances PRRSV entry in Marc-145 and porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs). We also demonstrate that the inhibition of ADAM17 upregulates membrane CD163 expression, a putative PRRSV receptor that is exogenously expressed in BHK-21 and endogenously expressed in Marc-145 and PAMs. Furthermore, overexpression of ADAM17 induced downregulation of CD163 expression and a reduction in PRRSV infection, whereas ablation of ADAM17 expression using specific small interfering RNA resulted in upregulation of CD163 expression with a corresponding increase in PRRSV infection. These ADAM17-mediated effects were confirmed with PRRSV nonpermissive BHK-21 cells transfected with CD163 cDNA. Overall, these findings indicate that ADAM17 downregulates CD163 expression and hinders PRRSV entry. Hence, downregulation of ADAM17 particular substrates may be an additional component of the anti-infection defenses.ImportanceADAM17 is one of the important membrane-associated metalloproteases that mediate various cellular events, as well as inflammation, cancer, and other pathologies. Here, we investigate for the first time the role of the metalloprotease ADAM17 in PRRSV infection. By using inhibitor and genetic modification methods, we demonstrate that ADAM17 negatively regulate PRRSV entry by regulating its substrate(s). More specifically, ADAM 17 mediates the downregulation of the PRRSV cellular receptor CD163. The reduction in CD163 expression represents another component of the anti-infection response initiated by ADAM17.

Dataset Information

Inhibition of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection by recombinant adenovirus- and/or exosome-delivered the artificial microRNAs targeting sialoadhesin and CD163 receptors.

Publications

Inhibition of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection by recombinant adenovirus- and/or exosome-delivered the artificial microRNAs targeting sialoadhesin and CD163 receptors.

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