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Understanding the determinants of substrate specificity in IMP family metallo-?-lactamases: the importance of residue 262.

ABSTRACT: In Gram-negative bacteria, resistance to ?-lactam antibacterials is largely due to ?-lactamases and is a growing public health threat. One of the most concerning ?-lactamases to evolve in bacteria are the Class B enzymes, the metallo-?-lactamases (MBLs). To date, penams and cephems resistant to hydrolysis by MBLs have not yet been found. As a result of this broad substrate specificity, a better understanding of the role of catalytically important amino acids in MBLs is necessary to design novel ?-lactams and inhibitors. Two MBLs, the wild type IMP-1 with serine at position 262, and an engineered variant with valine at the same position (IMP-1-S262V), were previously found to exhibit very different substrate spectra. These findings compelled us to investigate the impact of a threonine at position 262 (IMP-1-S262T) on the substrate spectrum. Here, we explore MBL sequence-structure-activity relationships by predicting and experimentally validating the effect of the S262T substitution in IMP-1. Using site-directed mutagenesis, threonine was introduced at position 262, and the IMP-1-S262T enzyme, as well as the other two enzymes IMP-1 and IMP-1-S262V, were purified and kinetic constants were determined against a range of ?-lactam antibacterials. Catalytic efficiencies (kcat /KM ) obtained with IMP-1-S262T and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) observed with bacterial cells expressing the protein were intermediate or comparable to the corresponding values with IMP-1 and IMP-1-S262V, validating the role of this residue in catalysis. Our results reveal the important role of IMP residue 262 in ?-lactam turnover and support this approach to predict activities of certain novel MBL variants.

SUBMITTER: Pegg KM

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4287004 | biostudies-literature | 2014 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) hydrolyze almost all β-lactam antibiotics, including penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems; however, no effective inhibitors are currently clinically available. MBLs are classified into three subclasses: B1, B2, and B3. Although the amino acid sequences of MBLs are varied, their overall scaffold is well conserved. In this study, we systematically studied the primary sequences and crystal structures of all subclasses of MBLs, especially the core scaffold, the zinc-coordinating residues in the active site, and the substrate-binding pocket. We presented the conserved structural features of MBLs in the same subclass and the characteristics of MBLs of each subclass. The catalytic zinc ions are bound with four loops from the two central β-sheets in the conserved αβ/βα sandwich fold of MBLs. The three external loops cover the zinc site(s) from the outside and simultaneously form a substrate-binding pocket. In the overall structure, B1 and B2 MBLs are more closely related to each other than they are to B3 MBLs. However, B1 and B3 MBLs have two zinc ions in the active site, while B2 MBLs have one. The substrate-binding pocket is different among all three subclasses, which is especially important for substrate specificity and drug resistance. Thus far, various classes of β-lactam antibiotics have been developed to have modified ring structures and substituted R groups. Currently available structures of β-lactam-bound MBLs show that the binding of β-lactams is well conserved according to the overall chemical structure in the substrate-binding pocket. Besides β-lactam substrates, B1 and cross-class MBL inhibitors also have distinguished differences in the chemical structure, which fit well to the substrate-binding pocket of MBLs within their inhibitory spectrum. The systematic structural comparison among B1, B2, and B3 MBLs provides in-depth insight into their substrate specificity, which will be useful for developing a clinical inhibitor targeting MBLs.

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Understanding the determinants of substrate specificity in IMP family metallo-?-lactamases: the importance of residue 262.

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