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Marked colour divergence in the gliding membranes of a tropical lizard mirrors population differences in the colour of falling leaves.

ABSTRACT: Populations of the Bornean gliding lizard, Draco cornutus, differ markedly in the colour of their gliding membranes. They also differ in local vegetation type (mangrove forest versus lowland rainforest) and consequently, the colour of falling leaves (red and brown/black in mangrove versus green, brown and black in rainforest). We show that the gliding membranes of these lizards closely match the colours of freshly fallen leaves in the local habitat as they appear to the visual system of birds (their probable predators). Furthermore, gliding membranes more closely resembled colours of local fallen leaves than standing foliage or fallen leaves in the other population's habitat. This suggests that the two populations have diverged in gliding membrane coloration to match the colours of their local falling leaves, and that mimicking falling leaves is an adaptation that functions to reduce predation by birds.

SUBMITTER: Klomp DA

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4298188 | biostudies-literature | 2014 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Marked colour divergence in the gliding membranes of a tropical lizard mirrors population differences in the colour of falling leaves.

Klomp D A DA Stuart-Fox D D Das I I Ord T J TJ

Biology letters 20141201 12

Populations of the Bornean gliding lizard, Draco cornutus, differ markedly in the colour of their gliding membranes. They also differ in local vegetation type (mangrove forest versus lowland rainforest) and consequently, the colour of falling leaves (red and brown/black in mangrove versus green, brown and black in rainforest). We show that the gliding membranes of these lizards closely match the colours of freshly fallen leaves in the local habitat as they appear to the visual system of birds (t ...[more]

PMID: 25540157

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Project description:Parallels between phylogeny and ontogeny have been discussed since almost two centuries and a number of theories have been proposed to explain such patterns. Especially elusive is the so-called phylotypic stage, a phase during development where species within a phylum are particularly similar to each other. While this has formerly been interpreted as a recapitulation of phylogeny, it is nowadays thought to reflect an ontogenetic progression phase, where strong constraints on developmental regulation and gene interactions exist. Several studies have shown that genes expressed during this stage evolve slower, but it has so far not been possible to derive an unequivocal molecular signature associated with this stage. We use here a combination of phylostratigraphy and stage specific gene expression data to generate a cumulative index that reflects the evolutionary age of the transcriptome at given ontogenetic stages. Using zebrafish ontogeny and adult development as a model, we find that the phylotypic stage does indeed express the oldest transcriptome set and that younger sets are expressed during early and late development, thus faithfully mirroring the hourglass model of morphological divergence. Reproductively active animals show the youngest transcriptome, with major differences between males and females. Intriguingly, aging animals express also increasingly older genes. Comparisons with similar datasets from flies and nematodes show that this pattern occurs across phyla. Our results suggest that an old transcriptome marks the phylotypic phase and that phylogenetic differences at other ontogenetic stages correlate with the expression of newly evolved genes. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) were kept in 12L flow-through tanks at 26.5 °C (around 60 animals per tank). For accurate staging, fertilized eggs were collected within 15 min intervalls and incubated in Petri dishes at 28.5°C with water changes every 2-6 hours. After hatching, larvae were transferred to 1 liter tanks and kept at 28.5 °C. We took 72 samples in at least two biological replicates (147 experiments in total) that correspond to 61 stages across zebrafish ontogeny (50 stages before the sex could be clearly recognized plus 11 adult stages of males and females each). Staging was done according to post-fertilization time. Embryos were additionally staged under the dissecting microscope to check for the consistency of post-fertilization timing and morphological development at standard temperature (28.5 °C). Only healthy animals that showed the expected morphological features for a given post-fertilization time were sampled. Each sample contained around 50 individuals until the 1 day and 3 hour embryo stage, 15 individuals until the 10 day larval stage, 10 individuals until the 18 day larval stage, 5 individuals until the 45 days juvenile stage, while in later juvenile and adult stages we sampled males and females separately and each sample contained 2 individuals. All samples were snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80 °C until RNA extraction. To avoid severe biases due to the excess of unfertilized eggs we squeezed eggs from adult females before freezing them in liquid nitrogen.

Dataset Information

Marked colour divergence in the gliding membranes of a tropical lizard mirrors population differences in the colour of falling leaves.

Publications

Marked colour divergence in the gliding membranes of a tropical lizard mirrors population differences in the colour of falling leaves.

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