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A selective NMR probe to monitor the conformational transition from inactive to active kinase.

ABSTRACT: Kinases control many aspects of cellular signaling and are therefore therapeutic targets for numerous disease states. Monitoring the conformational changes that drive activation and inactivation of the catalytic kinase core is a challenging experimental problem due to the dynamic nature of these enzymes. We apply [(13)C] reductive methylation to chemically introduce NMR-active nuclei into unlabeled protein kinases. The results demonstrate that solution NMR spectroscopy can be used to monitor specific changes in the chemical environment of structurally important lysines in a [(13)C]-methylated kinase as it shifts from the inactive to active state. This approach provides a solution based method to complement X-ray crystallographic data and can be applied to nearly any kinase, regardless of size or method of production.

SUBMITTER: Xie Q

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4301085 | biostudies-literature | 2015 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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A selective NMR probe to monitor the conformational transition from inactive to active kinase.

Xie Qian Q Fulton D Bruce DB Andreotti Amy H AH

ACS chemical biology 20140926 1

Kinases control many aspects of cellular signaling and are therefore therapeutic targets for numerous disease states. Monitoring the conformational changes that drive activation and inactivation of the catalytic kinase core is a challenging experimental problem due to the dynamic nature of these enzymes. We apply [(13)C] reductive methylation to chemically introduce NMR-active nuclei into unlabeled protein kinases. The results demonstrate that solution NMR spectroscopy can be used to monitor spe ...[more]

PMID: 25248068

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Project description:BackgroundKinases are a family of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of the ɤ-phosphate group from ATP to a protein's residue. Malfunctioning kinases are involved in many health problems such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancer. Kinases transitions between multiple conformations of inactive to active forms attracted considerable interest.MethodA reaction coordinate is computed for the transition between the active to inactive conformation in Abl kinase with a focus on the DFG-in to DFG-out flip. The method of Rock Climbing is used to construct a path locally, which is subsequently optimized using a functional of the entire path. The discrete coordinate sets along the reaction path are used in a Milestoning calculation of the free energy landscape and the rate of the transition.ResultsThe estimated transition times are between a few milliseconds and seconds, consistent with simulations of the kinetics and with indirect experimental data. The activation requires the transient dissociation of the salt bridge between Lys271 and Glu286. The salt bridge reforms once the DFG motif is stabilized by a locked conformation of Phe382. About ten residues are identified that contribute significantly to the process and are included as part of the reaction space.ConclusionsThe transition from DFG-in to DFG-out in Abl kinase was simulated using atomic resolution of a fully solvated protein yielding detailed description of the kinetics and the mechanism of the DFG flip. The results are consistent with other computational methods that simulate the kinetics and with some indirect experimental measurements.General significanceThe activation of kinases includes a conformational transition of the DFG motif that is important for enzyme activity but is not accessible to conventional Molecular Dynamics. We propose a detailed mechanism for the transition, at a timescale longer than conventional MD, using a combination of reaction path and Milestoning algorithms. The mechanism includes local structural adjustments near the binding site as well as collective interactions with more remote residues.

Project description:Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are G protein coupled receptors that play important roles in synaptic plasticity and other neuro-physiological and pathological processes. Allosteric mGluR ligands are particularly promising drug targets because of their modulatory effects--enhancing or suppressing the response of mGluRs to glutamate. The mechanism by which this modulation occurs is not known. Here, we propose the hypothesis that positive and negative modulators will differentially stabilize the active and inactive conformations of the receptors, respectively. To test this hypothesis, we have generated computational models of the transmembrane regions of different mGluR subtypes in two different conformations. The inactive conformation was modeled using the crystal structure of the inactive, dark state of rhodopsin as template and the active conformation was created based on a recent model of the light-activated state of rhodopsin. Ligands for which the nature of their allosteric effects on mGluRs is experimentally known were docked to the modeled mGluR structures using ArgusLab and Autodock softwares. We find that the allosteric ligand binding pockets of mGluRs are overlapping with the retinal binding pocket of rhodopsin, and that ligands have strong preferences for the active and inactive states depending on their modulatory nature. In 8 out of 14 cases (57%), the negative modulators bound the inactive conformations with significant preference using both docking programs, and 6 out of 9 cases (67%), the positive modulators bound the active conformations. Considering results by the individual programs only, even higher correlations were observed: 12/14 (86%) and 8/9 (89%) for ArgusLab and 10/14 (71%) and 7/9 (78%) for AutoDock. These findings strongly support the hypothesis that mGluR allosteric modulation occurs via stabilization of different conformations analogous to those identified in rhodopsin where they are induced by photochemical isomerization of the retinal ligand--despite the extensive differences in sequences between mGluRs and rhodopsin.

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A selective NMR probe to monitor the conformational transition from inactive to active kinase.

Publications

A selective NMR probe to monitor the conformational transition from inactive to active kinase.

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