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Intravenous administration of retroviral replicating vector, Toca 511, demonstrates therapeutic efficacy in orthotopic immune-competent mouse glioma model.

ABSTRACT: Toca 511 (vocimagene amiretrorepvec), a nonlytic, amphotropic retroviral replicating vector (RRV), encodes and delivers a functionally optimized yeast cytosine deaminase (CD) gene to tumors. In orthotopic glioma models treated with Toca 511 and 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) the CD enzyme within infected cells converts 5-FC to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), resulting in tumor killing. Toca 511, delivered locally either by intratumoral injection or by injection into the resection bed, in combination with subsequent oral extended-release 5-FC (Toca FC), is under clinical investigation in patients with recurrent high-grade glioma (HGG). If feasible, intravenous administration of vectors is less invasive, can easily be repeated if desired, and may be applicable to other tumor types. Here, we present preclinical data that support the development of an intravenous administration protocol. First we show that intravenous administration of Toca 511 in a preclinical model did not lead to widespread or uncontrolled replication of the RVV. No, or low, viral DNA was found in the blood and most of the tissues examined 180 days after Toca 511 administration. We also show that RRV administered intravenously leads to efficient infection and spread of the vector carrying the green fluorescent protein (GFP)-encoding gene (Toca GFP) through tumors in both immune-competent and immune-compromised animal models. However, initial vector localization within the tumor appeared to depend on the mode of administration. Long-term survival was observed in immune-competent mice when Toca 511 was administered intravenously or intracranially in combination with 5-FC treatment, and this combination was well tolerated in the preclinical models. Enhanced survival could also be achieved in animals with preexisting immune response to vector, supporting the potential for repeated administration. On the basis of these and other supporting data, a clinical trial investigating intravenous administration of Toca 511 in patients with recurrent HGG is currently open and enrolling.

SUBMITTER: Huang TT

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4326030 | biostudies-literature | 2015 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Intravenous administration of retroviral replicating vector, Toca 511, demonstrates therapeutic efficacy in orthotopic immune-competent mouse glioma model.

Huang Tiffany T TT Parab Shraddha S Burnett Ryan R Diago Oscar O Ostertag Derek D Hofman Florence M FM Espinoza Fernando Lopez FL Martin Bryan B Ibañez Carlos E CE Kasahara Noriyuki N Gruber Harry E HE Pertschuk Daniel D Jolly Douglas J DJ Robbins Joan M JM

Human gene therapy 20150119 2

Toca 511 (vocimagene amiretrorepvec), a nonlytic, amphotropic retroviral replicating vector (RRV), encodes and delivers a functionally optimized yeast cytosine deaminase (CD) gene to tumors. In orthotopic glioma models treated with Toca 511 and 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) the CD enzyme within infected cells converts 5-FC to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), resulting in tumor killing. Toca 511, delivered locally either by intratumoral injection or by injection into the resection bed, in combination with subseq ...[more]

PMID: 25419577

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Project description:Abstract Toca 511 (vocimagene amiretrorepvec) is an investigational retroviral replicating vector that selectively infects dividing cancer cells, integrates into the genome and replicates due to immune defects in tumors. Toca 511 spreads through tumors and stably delivers the gene encoding an optimized yeast cytosine deaminase that converts the prodrug Toca FC (an investigational, extended-release formulation of 5-fluorocytosine) into 5-fluorouracil. 5-fluorouracil kills infected cancer cells and surrounding cancer cells, myeloid derived suppressor cells and tumor associated macrophages, thus enabling immune activity against the tumor. In this phase 1 trial (NCT01470794), ascending doses of Toca 511 were injected into the resection bed of patients with rHGG, followed by multiple courses of oral Toca FC. Additional cohorts included combination of the investigational therapy with bevacizumab or lomustine. Objective responses (ORs) are observed in patients with IDH1 wildtype and mutant tumors, including 3 complete responses (CRs) and 2 partial responses with the investigational therapy, and 1 CR with the investigational therapy and bevacizumab. The IDH1-mutant patients treated at 1st recurrence all had CRs and the fact that a CR in rHGG is rare suggests that the investigational treatment may be playing a role. ORs are observed 6–19 months after Toca 511 injection, consistent with an immunologic mechanism. Median time to initial response is 9.2 months; median duration of response (mDoR) is 25.2 months. Excluding combination cohorts, mDoR is 26.7 months. All responders are alive 21.2+ to 42.6+ months, suggesting a correlation of durable responses (ORs lasting > 24 weeks) with overall survival. In a 24-patient subgroup who received the recommended Ph2 Toca 511 dose, a durable response rate of 20.8% was observed. Across the Phase 1 program, the safety profile remains favorable. Updated clinical benefit, safety, immune activity, and molecular profiles will be reported.

Project description:Abstract Toca 511 (vocimagene amiretrorepvec) is a cancer selective, retroviral replicating vector encoding a codon optimized, heat stabilized cytosine deaminase that converts Toca FC (extended-release 5- fluorocytosine, 5-FC) into the anticancer agent 5-fluorouracil. Preclinical evidence demonstrates that the Toca 511 & Toca FC regimen kills cancer cells and immunosuppressive myeloid cells in the tumor microenvironment, leading to durable antitumor immune responses that can be adoptively transferred to untreated animals. In an ascending dose trial (NCT01470794) in patients with recurrent high grade glioma (rHGG), Toca 511 was injected into the resection cavity walls at the time of resection, and then multiple courses of oral Toca FC were administered. Multiyear durable and complete responses by independent radiology review have been reported. Human immune monitoring results support an immunologic mechanism of action and identify potential biomarkers related to patient outcomes. Measurements included the quantification of peripheral blood and tumor infiltrating leukocyte subsets by flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, and deconvolution of DNA and RNA sequencing data. In addition, systemic cytokine levels were assessed in peripheral blood serum by multiplex digital ELISA. Univariate comparisons and multivariate models revealed immunologic trends associated with patient outcomes. Pre-treatment tumor infiltrating cell subsets, quantified via deconvolution of RNA sequencing data, were associated with both objective responses and survival. Subsequent exploratory models applied to selected patient data indicate that a combined biomarker using mRNA signatures from multiple leukocyte subsets may predict patient outcomes with high sensitivity and selectivity. In addition, post-treatment serum cytokine time-course results suggest that differences and temporal modulations are associated with both objective response and survival. These results support an immune-related mechanism of action for the Toca 511 & Toca FC regimen. Potentially predictive and/or prognostic biomarkers of patient outcomes will be evaluated in the ongoing randomized Phase 3 Toca 5 trial in patients with rHGG (NCT02414165).

Project description:Abstract Toca 511, a clinical-stage retroviral replicating vector (RRV) encoding an optimized yeast cytosine deaminase (CD) prodrug activator gene, in combination with Toca FC (extended-release 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC)), is designed to produce 5-FU which kills cancer cells and immune-suppressive myeloid cells in the tumor microenvironment, leading to anti-cancer immune activation and long term survival. The combination treatment is currently under evaluation in an international Phase 2/3 trial in patients with recurrent high-grade glioma. In the present study, we investigated the feasibility of further applying Toca 511 to brain-metastatic breast cancer, which frequently arises from highly aggressive, treatment-refractory, “triple-negative” (ER(-) PR(-) HER2(-)) disease, and is associated with a dismal prognosis of 4-6 months survival. We first evaluated in vitro replication kinetics of RRV encoding the GFP reporter gene in MDA-MB-231-BR (human) and JC (murine) breast cancer cells. After virus inoculation at either M.O.I. of 0.01 or 0.1, high levels of transduction were achieved within 1-2 weeks as measured by flow cytometric quantitation of GFP fluorescence. Next, we tested in vitro cytotoxicity by MTS assay after 5-FC treatment of MDA-MB-231BR and JC cells transduced with Toca 511. In both Toca 511-transduced breast cancer lines, cell viability was reduced by approximately 70-85% after exposure to 0.1 mM 5-FC and complete cell killing was observed with 1 mM 5-FC within 4-6 days. In survival studies, animals treated with Toca 511 followed by 5-FC prodrug showed statistically significant (231-BR: p<0.0001, JC: p=0.0003) survival benefit compared to the control group. These data provide preclinical validation for a new Phase Ib trial evaluating RRV-mediated immunotherapy in various types of metastatic malignancies, including CNS-metastatic breast cancer (TOCA 6 trial: clinicaltrials.gov NCT02576665), currently recruiting at the University of Miami.

Dataset Information

Intravenous administration of retroviral replicating vector, Toca 511, demonstrates therapeutic efficacy in orthotopic immune-competent mouse glioma model.

Publications

Intravenous administration of retroviral replicating vector, Toca 511, demonstrates therapeutic efficacy in orthotopic immune-competent mouse glioma model.

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