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The ctenophore genome and the evolutionary origins of neural systems.

ABSTRACT: The origins of neural systems remain unresolved. In contrast to other basal metazoans, ctenophores (comb jellies) have both complex nervous and mesoderm-derived muscular systems. These holoplanktonic predators also have sophisticated ciliated locomotion, behaviour and distinct development. Here we present the draft genome of Pleurobrachia bachei, Pacific sea gooseberry, together with ten other ctenophore transcriptomes, and show that they are remarkably distinct from other animal genomes in their content of neurogenic, immune and developmental genes. Our integrative analyses place Ctenophora as the earliest lineage within Metazoa. This hypothesis is supported by comparative analysis of multiple gene families, including the apparent absence of HOX genes, canonical microRNA machinery, and reduced immune complement in ctenophores. Although two distinct nervous systems are well recognized in ctenophores, many bilaterian neuron-specific genes and genes of 'classical' neurotransmitter pathways either are absent or, if present, are not expressed in neurons. Our metabolomic and physiological data are consistent with the hypothesis that ctenophore neural systems, and possibly muscle specification, evolved independently from those in other animals.

SUBMITTER: Moroz LL

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4337882 | biostudies-literature | 2014 Jun

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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The ctenophore genome and the evolutionary origins of neural systems.

Moroz Leonid L LL Kocot Kevin M KM Citarella Mathew R MR Dosung Sohn S Norekian Tigran P TP Povolotskaya Inna S IS Grigorenko Anastasia P AP Dailey Christopher C Berezikov Eugene E Buckley Katherine M KM Ptitsyn Andrey A Reshetov Denis D Mukherjee Krishanu K Moroz Tatiana P TP Bobkova Yelena Y Yu Fahong F Kapitonov Vladimir V VV Jurka Jerzy J Bobkov Yuri V YV Swore Joshua J JJ Girardo David O DO Fodor Alexander A Gusev Fedor F Sanford Rachel R Bruders Rebecca R Kittler Ellen E Mills Claudia E CE Rast Jonathan P JP Derelle Romain R Solovyev Victor V VV Kondrashov Fyodor A FA Swalla Billie J BJ Sweedler Jonathan V JV Rogaev Evgeny I EI Halanych Kenneth M KM Kohn Andrea B AB

Nature 20140521 7503

The origins of neural systems remain unresolved. In contrast to other basal metazoans, ctenophores (comb jellies) have both complex nervous and mesoderm-derived muscular systems. These holoplanktonic predators also have sophisticated ciliated locomotion, behaviour and distinct development. Here we present the draft genome of Pleurobrachia bachei, Pacific sea gooseberry, together with ten other ctenophore transcriptomes, and show that they are remarkably distinct from other animal genomes in thei ...[more]

PMID: 24847885

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Project description:BACKGROUND: PHB (Prohibitin) gene family is involved in a variety of functions important for different biological processes. PHB genes are ubiquitously present in divergent species from prokaryotes to eukaryotes. Human PHB genes have been found to be associated with various diseases. Recent studies by our group and others have shown diverse function of PHB genes in plants for development, senescence, defence, and others. Despite the importance of the PHB gene family, no comprehensive gene family analysis has been carried to evaluate the relatedness of PHB genes across different species. In order to better guide the gene function analysis and understand the evolution of the PHB gene family, we therefore carried out the comparative genome analysis of the PHB genes across different kingdoms. RESULTS: The relatedness, motif distribution, and intron/exon distribution all indicated that PHB genes is a relatively conserved gene family. The PHB genes can be classified into 5 classes and each class have a very deep evolutionary origin. The PHB genes within the class maintained the same motif patterns during the evolution. With Arabidopsis as the model species, we found that PHB gene intron/exon structure and domains are also conserved during the evolution. Despite being a conserved gene family, various gene duplication events led to the expansion of the PHB genes. Both segmental and tandem gene duplication were involved in Arabidopsis PHB gene family expansion. However, segmental duplication is predominant in Arabidopsis. Moreover, most of the duplicated genes experienced neofunctionalization. The results highlighted that PHB genes might be involved in important functions so that the duplicated genes are under the evolutionary pressure to derive new function. CONCLUSION: PHB gene family is a conserved gene family and accounts for diverse but important biological functions based on the similar molecular mechanisms. The highly diverse biological function indicated that more research needs to be carried out to dissect the PHB gene function. The conserved gene evolution indicated that the study in the model species can be translated to human and mammalian studies.

Dataset Information

The ctenophore genome and the evolutionary origins of neural systems.

Publications

The ctenophore genome and the evolutionary origins of neural systems.

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