Putative conformations of the receptor-binding domain in S protein of hCoV-EMC in complex with its receptor dipeptidyl peptidase-4.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Jiang S
PROVIDER: S-EPMC4355062 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Most human coronaviruses cause mild upper respiratory tract disease but may be associated with more severe pulmonary disease in immunocompromised individuals. However, SARS coronavirus caused severe lower respiratory disease with nearly 10% mortality and evidence of systemic spread. Recently, another coronavirus (human coronavirus-Erasmus Medical Center (hCoV-EMC)) was identified in patients with severe and sometimes lethal lower respiratory tract infection. Viral genome analysis revealed close relatedness to coronaviruses found in bats. Here we identify dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4; also known as CD26) as a functional receptor for hCoV-EMC. DPP4 specifically co-purified with the receptor-binding S1 domain of the hCoV-EMC spike protein from lysates of susceptible Huh-7 cells. Antibodies directed against DPP4 inhibited hCoV-EMC infection of primary human bronchial epithelial cells and Huh-7 cells. Expression of human and bat (Pipistrellus pipistrellus) DPP4 in non-susceptible COS-7 cells enabled infection by hCoV-EMC. The use of the evolutionarily conserved DPP4 protein from different species as a functional receptor provides clues about the host range potential of hCoV-EMC. In addition, it will contribute critically to our understanding of the pathogenesis and epidemiology of this emerging human coronavirus, and may facilitate the development of intervention strategies.
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Project description:The oral commensal bacterium Streptococcus gordonii interacts with salivary amylase via two amylase-binding proteins, AbpA and AbpB. Based on sequence analysis, the 20-kDa AbpA protein is unique to S. gordonii, whereas the 82-kDa AbpB protein appears to share sequence homology with other bacterial dipeptidases. The aim of this study was to verify the peptidase activity of AbpB and further explore its potential functions. The abpB gene was cloned, and histidine-tagged AbpB (His-AbpB) was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified. Its amylase-binding activity was verified in an amylase ligand binding assay, and its cross-reactivity was verified with an anti-AbpB antibody. Both recombinant His-AbpB and partially purified native AbpB displayed dipeptidase activity and degraded human type VI collagen and fibrinogen, but not salivary amylase. Salivary amylase precipitates not only AbpA and AbpB but also glucosyltransferase G (Gtf-G) from S. gordonii supernatants. Since Streptococcus mutans also releases Gtf enzymes that could also be involved in multispecies plaque interactions, the effect of S. gordonii AbpB on S. mutans Gtf-B activity was also tested. Salivary amylase and/or His-AbpB caused a 1.4- to 2-fold increase of S. mutans Gtf-B sucrase activity and a 3- to 6-fold increase in transferase activity. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay verified the interaction of His-AbpB and amylase with Gtf-B. In summary, AbpB demonstrates proteolytic activity and interacts with and modulates Gtf activity. These activities may help explain the crucial role AbpB appears to play in S. gordonii oral colonization.
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Project description:Dipeptidyl peptidase III (DPP III, EC 3.4.14.4) is a monozinc metalloexopeptidase that hydrolyzes dipeptides from the N-terminus of peptides consisting of three or more amino acids. Recently, DPP III has attracted great interest from scientists, and numerous studies have been conducted showing that it is involved in the regulation of various physiological processes. Since it is the only metalloenzyme among the dipeptidyl peptidases, we considered it important to study the process of binding and exchange of physiologically relevant metal dications in DPP III. Using fluorimetry, we measured the Kd values for the binding of Zn2+, Cu2+, and Co2+ to the catalytic site, and using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), we measured the Kd values for the binding of these metals to an additional binding site. The structure of the catalytic metal's binding site is known from previous studies, and in this work, the affinities for this site were calculated for Zn2+, Cu2+, Co2+, and Mn2+ using the QM approach. The structures of the additional binding sites for the Zn2+ and Cu2+ were also identified, and MD simulations showed that two Cu2+ ions bound to the catalytic and inhibitory sites exchanged less frequently than the Zn2+ ions bound to these sites.
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Project description:Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP4i) are antidiabetic medications that prevent cleavage of incretin hormones by dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4). DPP4 is ubiquitously expressed, and its hepatic DPP4 expression is upregulated under non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) conditions. We investigated the effect of DPP4i treatment on NASH pathogenesis, as well as its potential underlying molecular mechanisms. Mice were randomly divided into three groups: Group 1, chow-fed mice treated with vehicle for 20 weeks; Group 2, high-fat, high-fructose, and high-cholesterol Amylin liver NASH (AMLN) diet-fed mice treated with vehicle for 20 weeks; Group 3, AMLN diet-fed mice treated with vehicle for the first 10 weeks, followed by the DPP4i teneligliptin (20 mg/kg/day) for additional 10 weeks. DPP4i administration reduced serum liver enzyme and hepatic triglyceride levels and markedly improved hepatic steatosis and fibrosis in the AMLN diet-induced NASH model. In vivo, NASH alleviation significantly correlated with the suppression of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) receptor-mediated apoptosis and downregulated hepatic DPP4 expression. In vitro, DPP4i treatment significantly decreased the markers of TRAIL receptor-mediated lipoapoptosis and suppressed DPP4 expression in palmitate-treated hepatocytes. In conclusion, DPP4i may efficiently attenuate the pathogenesis of AMLN diet-induced NASH in mice by suppressing lipotoxicity-induced apoptosis, possibly by modulating hepatic DPP4 expression.
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