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A transient cell-shielding method for viable MSC delivery within hydrophobic scaffolds polymerized in situ.

ABSTRACT: Cell-based therapies have emerged as promising approaches for regenerative medicine. Hydrophobic poly(ester urethane)s offer the advantages of robust mechanical properties, cell attachment without the use of peptides, and controlled degradation by oxidative and hydrolytic mechanisms. However, the application of injectable hydrophobic polymers to cell delivery is limited by the challenges of protecting cells from reaction products and creating a macroporous architecture post-cure. We designed injectable carriers for cell delivery derived from reactive, hydrophobic polyisocyanate and polyester triol precursors. To overcome cell death caused by reaction products from in situ polymerization, we encapsulated bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSCs) in fastdegrading, oxidized alginate beads prior to mixing with the hydrophobic precursors. Cells survived the polymerization at >70% viability, and rapid dissolution of oxidized alginate beads after the scaffold cured created interconnected macropores that facilitated cellular adhesion to the scaffold in vitro. Applying this injectable system to deliver BMSCs to rat excisional skin wounds showed that the scaffolds supported survival of transplanted cells and infiltration of host cells, which improved new tissue formation compared to both implanted, pre-formed scaffolds seeded with cells and acellular controls. Our design is the first to enable injectable delivery of settable, hydrophobic scaffolds where cell encapsulation provides a mechanism for both temporary cytoprotection during polymerization and rapid formation of macropores post-polymerization. This simple approach provides potential advantages for cell delivery relative to hydrogel technologies, which have weaker mechanical properties and require incorporation of peptides to achieve cell adhesion and degradability.

SUBMITTER: Guo R

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4409667 | biostudies-literature | 2015 Jun

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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A transient cell-shielding method for viable MSC delivery within hydrophobic scaffolds polymerized in situ.

Guo Ruijing R Ward Catherine L CL Davidson Jeffrey M JM Duvall Craig L CL Wenke Joseph C JC Guelcher Scott A SA

Biomaterials 20150327

Cell-based therapies have emerged as promising approaches for regenerative medicine. Hydrophobic poly(ester urethane)s offer the advantages of robust mechanical properties, cell attachment without the use of peptides, and controlled degradation by oxidative and hydrolytic mechanisms. However, the application of injectable hydrophobic polymers to cell delivery is limited by the challenges of protecting cells from reaction products and creating a macroporous architecture post-cure. We designed inj ...[more]

PMID: 25907036

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Project description:Cell replacement therapies are often enhanced by utilizing polymer scaffolds to improve retention or direct cell orientation and migration. Obstacles to refinement of such polymer scaffolds often include challenges in controlling the microstructure of biocompatible molecules in three dimensions at cellular scales. Two-photon polymerization of acrylated poly(caprolactone) (PCL) could offer a means of achieving precise microstructural control of a material in a biocompatible platform. In this work, we studied the effect of various formulation and two-photon polymerization parameters on minimum laser power needed to achieve polymerization, resolution, and fidelity to a target 3D model designed to be used for retinal cell replacement. Overall, we found that increasing the concentration of crosslink-able groups decreased polymerization threshold and the size of resolvable features while increasing fidelity of the scaffold to the 3D model. In general, this improvement was achieved by increasing the number of acrylate groups per prepolymer molecule, increasing the acrylated PCL concentration, or decreasing its molecular weight. Resulting two-photon polymerized PCL scaffolds successfully supported human iPSC derived retinal progenitor cells in vitro. Sub-retinal implantation of cell free scaffolds in a porcine model of retinitis pigmentosa did not cause inflammation, infection or local or systemic toxicity after one month. In addition, comprehensive ISO 10993 testing of photopolymerized scaffolds revealed a favorable biocompatibility profile. These results represent an important step towards understanding how two-photon polymerization can be applied to a wide range of biologically compatible chemistries for various biomedical applications. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Inherited retinal degenerative blindness results from the death of light sensing photoreceptor cells. To restore high-acuity vision a photoreceptor cell replacement strategy will likely be necessary. Unfortunately, single cell injection typically results in poor cell survival and integration post-transplantation. Polymeric biomaterial cell delivery scaffolds can be used to promote donor cell viability, control cellular polarity and increase packing density. A challenge faced in this endeavor has been developing methods suitable for generating scaffolds that can be used to deliver stem cell derived photoreceptors in an ordered columnar orientation (i.e., similar to that of the native retina). In this study we combined the biomaterial poly(caprolactone) with two-photon lithography to generate a biocompatible, clinically relevant scaffold suitable for retina cell delivery.

Project description:BackgroundImmunomodulation by mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) can occur through trophic factor mechanisms, however, intravenously infused MSCs are rapidly cleared from the body yet a potent immunotherapeutic response is still observed. Recent work suggests that monocytes contribute to the clearance of MSCs via efferocytosis, the body's natural mechanism for clearing dead and dying cells in a non-inflammatory manner. This begs the questions of how variations in MSC quality affect monocyte phenotype and if viable MSCs are even needed to elicit an immunosuppressive response.MethodsHerein, we sought to dissect MSC's trophic mechanism from their efferocytic mechanisms and determine if the viability of MSCs prior to efferocytosis influences the resultant phenotype of monocytes. We cultured viable or heat-inactivated human umbilical cord MSCs with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells for 24 h and observed changes in monocyte surface marker expression and secretion profile. To isolate the effect of efferocytosis from MSC trophic factors, we used cell separation techniques to remove non-efferocytosed MSCs before challenging monocytes to suppress T-cells or respond to inflammatory stimuli. For all experiments, viable and heat-inactivated efferocytic-licensing of monocytes were compared to non-efferocytic-licensing control.ResultsWe found that monocytes efferocytose viable and heat-inactivated MSCs equally, but only viable MSC-licensed monocytes suppress activated T-cells and suppression occurred even after depletion of residual MSCs. This provides direct evidence that monocytes that efferocytose viable MSCs are immunosuppressive. Further characterization of monocytes after efferocytosis showed that uptake of viable-but not heat inactivated-MSC resulted in monocytes secreting IL-10 and producing kynurenine. When monocytes were challenged with LPS, IL-2, and IFN-γ to simulate sepsis, monocytes that had efferocytosed viable MSC had higher levels of IDO while monocytes that efferocytosed heat inactivated-MSCs produced the lowest levels of TNF-α.ConclusionCollectively, these studies show that the quality of MSCs efferocytosed by monocytes polarize monocytes toward distinctive immunosuppressive phenotypes and highlights the need to tailor MSC therapies for specific indications.

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A transient cell-shielding method for viable MSC delivery within hydrophobic scaffolds polymerized in situ.

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A transient cell-shielding method for viable MSC delivery within hydrophobic scaffolds polymerized in situ.

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