Candida auris candidemia in Kuwait, 2014.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Emara M
PROVIDER: S-EPMC4451886 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description: Not available
| S-EPMC4073876 | biostudies-literature
Project description:We report a fatal case of Candida auris that was involved in mixed candidemia with Candida tropicalis, isolated from the blood of a neutropenic patient. Identification of both isolates was confirmed by amplification and sequencing of internal transcribed spacer and D1/D2 domain of large subunit in rRNA gene. Antifungal susceptibility test by E-test method revealed that C. auris was resistant to amphotericin B, anidulafungin, caspofungin, fluconazole, itraconazole and voriconazole. On the other hand, C. tropicalis was sensitive to all antifungal tested. The use of chromogenic agar as isolation media is vital in detecting mixed candidemia.
| S-EPMC5958168 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The emerging, often multidrug-resistant Candida auris is increasingly being associated with outbreaks in healthcare facilities. Here we describe the molecular epidemiology of a C. auris outbreak during 18 months, which started in 2018 in the high dependency unit (HDU) of a secondary-care hospital in Kuwait. Demographic and clinical data for candidemia and colonized patients were prospectively recorded. Clinical and environmental isolates were subjected to phenotypic and molecular identification; antifungal susceptibility testing by broth microdilution method; PCR-sequencing of ERG11 and FKS1 for resistance mechanisms to triazoles and echinocandins, respectively; and molecular fingerprinting by short tandem repeat (STR) analyses. Seventy-one (17 candidemic and 54 colonized) patients including 26 with candiduria and seven environmental samples yielded C. auris. All isolates were identified as C. auris by Vitek2, MALDI-TOF MS, PCR amplification and/or PCR-sequencing of rDNA. Twelve candidemia and 26 colonized patients were admitted or exposed to HDU. Following outbreak recognition, an intensive screening program was instituted for new patients. Despite treatment of all candidemia and 36 colonized patients, 9 of 17 candidemia and 27 of 54 colonized patients died with an overall crude mortality rate of ~50%. Nearly all isolates were resistant to fluconazole and contained the Y132F mutation in ERG11 except one patient's isolates, which were also distinct by STR typing. Only urine isolates from two patients developed echinocandin resistance with concomitant FKS1 mutations. The transmission of C. auris in this outbreak was linked to infected/colonized patients and the hospital environment. However, despite continuous surveillance and enforcement of infection control measures, sporadic new cases continued to occur, challenging the containment efforts.
| S-EPMC7712429 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Candida auris is an emerging yeast pathogen of global significance. Its multidrug-resistant nature and inadequacies of conventional identification systems pose diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. This study investigated occurrence of C. auris in clinical specimens in Kuwait and its susceptibility to antifungal agents. Clinical yeast strains isolated during 3.5-year period and forming pink-colored colonies on CHROMagar Candida were studied by wet mount examination for microscopic morphology and Vitek 2 yeast identification system. A simple species-specific PCR assay was developed for molecular identification and results were confirmed by PCR-sequencing of rDNA. Antifungal susceptibility testing of one isolate from each patient was determined by Etest. The 280 isolates forming pink-colored colonies on CHROMagar Candida, were identified by Vitek 2 as Candida haemulonii (n = 166), Candida utilis (n = 49), Candida kefyr (n = 45), Candida guilliermondii (n = 9), Candida famata (n = 6) and Candida conglobata (n = 5). Species-specific PCR and PCR-sequencing of rDNA identified 166 C. haemulonii isolates as C. auris (n = 158), C. haemulonii (n = 6) and Candida duobushaemulonii (n = 2). C. auris isolates originated from diverse clinical specimens from 56 patients. Of 56 C. auris isolates tested, all were resistant to fluconazole, 41/56 (73%) and 13/56 (23%) were additionally resistant to voriconazole and amphotericin B, respectively. Eleven (20%) isolates were resistant to fluconazole, voriconazole and amphotericin B. One isolate was resistant to caspofungin and micafungin. Increasing isolation of C. auris in recent years from diverse clinical specimens including bloodstream shows that C. auris is an emerging non-albicans Candida species in Kuwait causing a variety of infections. Inability of conventional identification methods to accurately identify this pathogen and multidrug-resistant nature of many strains calls for a greater understanding of its epidemiology, risk factors for acquiring C. auris infection and management strategies in high-risk patients. This is the first comprehensive study on the emergence of this multidrug-resistant yeast from Kuwait and the Middle East.
| S-EPMC5891028 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND: Candida glabrata has emerged as an important human pathogen associated with systemic and mucosal infections. Here, we describe isolation of two cholesterol-dependent Candida glabrata strains from a candidemia patient which failed to grow on the media devoid of a cholesterol source. METHODS: Both the isolates were recovered from BACTEC Plus Aerobic/F blood culture bottles of a candidemic patient. Since these isolates failed to grow on Sabouraud dextrose agar, Mueller-Hinton agar and RPMI 1640 agar media, their definitive identification required PCR sequencing of the internally transcribed spacer (ITS)1 and ITS2 regions of rDNA and the D1/D2 region sequences within 26S rRNA gene. The cholesterol auxotrophy was determined by their ability to grow on media containing a cholesterol source. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) to antifungal agents were determined by Etest. RESULTS: The identity of the isolates was confirmed by sequencing of the ITS1 and ITS2 regions of rDNA and the D1/D2 region sequences within 26S rRNA gene and also by matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry with 99.9% confidence value. Both the isolates showed good growth only when media were supplemented with cholesterol, oxbile or blood. Additionally, these isolates were resistant to amphotericin B (MIC ?32 ?g/ml), fluconazole (MIC ?256 ?g/ml), voriconazole (MIC ?32 ?g/ml), itraconazole (MIC ?32 ?g/ml), and posaconazole (MIC ?32 ?g/ml), but susceptible to caspofungin (MIC range 0.064 to 0.19 ?g/ml). CONCLUSION: This appears to be the first report on isolation of cholesterol-dependent strains of C. glabrata from a candidemia patient exhibiting resistance to azoles and amphotericin B. Further, the report demonstrates that induction of cholesterol/sterol auxotrophy is associated with resistance to antifungal drugs targeting ergosterol biosynthesis. These observations may have therapeutic implications for the treatment of infections caused by such C. glabrata strains.
| S-EPMC4234190 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Candida albicans, a constituent of normal microbial flora of human mucosal surfaces, is a major cause of candidemia in immunocompromised individuals and hospitalized patients with other debilitating diseases. Molecular fingerprinting studies have suggested nosocomial transmission of C. albicans based on the presence of clusters or endemic genotypes in some hospitals. However, intrahospital strain transmission or a common source of infection has not been firmly established. We performed multilocus sequence typing (MLST) on 102 C. albicans bloodstream isolates (representing 92% of all culture-confirmed candidemia patients over a 31-month period at seven major hospitals) to identify patient-to-patient transmission or infection from a common source in Kuwait, a small country in the Middle East where consanguineous marriages are common. Repeat bloodstream isolates from six patients and nine surveillance cultures from other anatomic sites from six patients were also analyzed. Fifty-five isolates belonged to unique genotypes. Forty-seven isolates from 47 patients formed 16 clusters, with each cluster containing 2-9 isolates. Multiple isolates from the same patient from bloodstream or other anatomical sites yielded identical genotypes. We identified four cases of potential patient-to-patient transmission or infection from a common source based on association analysis between patients' clinical/epidemiological data and the corresponding MLST genotypes of eight C. albicans isolates. However, further fingerprinting by whole genome-based amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis yielded 8 different genotypes, ruling out intrahospital transmission of infection. The findings suggest that related strains of C. albicans exist in the community and fingerprinting by MLST alone may complicate hospital infection control measures during outbreak investigations.
| S-EPMC5318450 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Candida auris is an emerging multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen worldwide. To date, it has not been reported in Guangdong, China. For the first time, we reported 7 cases of C. auris candidemia from two hospitals in Guangdong. The clinical and microbiological characteristics of these cases were investigated carefully. Two geographic clades, i.e. III and I, were found popular in different hospitals by whole genome sequencing analyses. All C. auris isolates from bloodstream were resistant to fluconazole, 5 of which belonged to Clade III harbouring VF125AL mutation in the ERG11 gene. The isolates with Clade I presented Y132F mutation in the ERG11 gene as well as resistance to amphotericin B. All isolates exhibited strong biofilm-forming capacity and non-aggregative phenotype. The mean time from admission to onset of C. auris candidemia was 39.4 days (range: 12 - 80 days). Despite performing appropriate therapeutic regimen, 42.9% (3/7) of patients experienced occurrences of C. auris candidemia and colonization after the first positive bloodstream. C. auris colonization was still observed after the first C. auris candidemia for 81 days in some patient. Microbiologic eradication from bloodstream was achieved in 85.7% (6/7) of patients at discharge. In conclusion, this study offers a crucial insight into unravelling the multiple origins of C. auris in Guangdong, highlighting great challenges in clinical prevention and control.
| S-EPMC10773663 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Though echinocandins are the first line of therapy for C. auris candidemia, there is little clinical data to guide the choice of therapy within this class. This was the first study to compare the three echinocandins in terms of efficacy and outcomes for C. auris candidemia. This was a retrospective analysis of 82 episodes of candidemia caused by C. auris comparing outcomes across the three echinocandins. Majority patients in our study were treated with micafungin. Susceptibility rates were the lowest for caspofungin (35.36% resistance), with no resistance reported for the other two echinocandins. When a susceptible echinocandin was chosen, caspofungin resistance was not a factor significantly associated with mortality. Also, when a susceptible echinocandin was used for therapy, the choice within the class did not affect clinical cure, microbiological cure, or mortality (P > 0.05 for all). Failure to achieve microbiological cure (P = 0.018) and receipt of immune-modulatory therapy (P = 0.01) were significantly associated with increased mortality. Significant cost variation was noted among the echinocandins. Considering the significant cost variation, comparable efficacies can be reassuring for the prescribing physician.
| S-EPMC11250272 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectiveCandida auris is a globally emerging pathogen associated with significant mortality. This pathogen frequently is misidentified by traditional biochemical methods and is resistant to commonly used antifungals. The echinocandins currently are recommended as the first-line treatment for C. auris infections. The objective of this work is to demonstrate the challenges associated with C. auris in the real-world setting.MethodsA 54-year-old male presented to our institution for concerns of sepsis on multiple occasions over a 5-month period. Eleven urine cultures were positive over this timeframe for yeast (9 unidentified Candida isolates and 2 C. lusitaniae isolates). On day 27, the patient developed echinocandin-susceptible candidemia, which was initially identified as C. haemulonii but later accurately identified as C. auris at an outside mycology reference laboratory. Approximately 10 weeks later, the patient had a recurrence of candidemia, this time caused by an echinocandin-resistant C. auris strain.ResultsGenomic DNA sequencing performed at the outside mycology reference laboratory identified a single serine to proline base pair change at position 639 (S639P) in the hotspot 1 region of the FKS1 gene of the echinocandin-resistant strain.ConclusionsOur experiences highlight 4 major concerns associated with C. auris: misidentification, persistent colonization, infection recurrence despite the receipt of appropriate initial therapy, and development of resistance.
| S-EPMC6602379 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The Candida species cause a majority of invasive fungal infections. In this article, we describe the nationwide epidemiology of candidemia in Kuwait in 2018. Yeast bloodstream isolates submitted from all major hospitals and identified by phenotypic MALDI-TOF MS and/or by molecular methods were studied. Susceptibility testing was performed by Etest. Out of 313 bloodstream yeasts, 239 Candida spp. isolates (excluding duplicate isolates) were obtained during 234 candidemic episodes among 223 patients. Mixed-species candidemia and re-infection occurred in 5 and 11 patients, respectively. C. albicans (n = 74), C. parapsilosis (n = 54), C. tropicalis (n = 35), C. auris (n = 33), C. glabrata (n = 32), other Candida spp. (n = 11), and other yeasts (n = 9) caused fungemia. Nearly 50% of patients were in intensive care units. Candida spp. isolates (except C. glabrata) were susceptible to caspofungin and 27% of C. auris were amphotericin B-resistant. Resistance to fluconazole was 100% in C. auris, 17% in C. parapsilosis, 12% in C. glabrata, and 1% in C. albicans. Mortality was 47% for other Candida/yeast infections. Nationwide candidemia incidence in 2018 was 5.29 cases/100,000 inhabitants. Changes in species spectrum, increasing fluconazole resistance in C. parapsilosis, and the emergence of C. auris as a major pathogen in Kuwait are noteworthy findings. The data could be of help in informing decisions regarding planning, in the allocation of resources, and in antimicrobial stewardship.
| S-EPMC8399751 | biostudies-literature