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Depression and delinquency covariation in an accelerated longitudinal sample of adolescents.

ABSTRACT: The current study tested opposing predictions stemming from the failure and acting out theories of depression-delinquency covariation.Participants included a nationwide longitudinal sample of adolescents (N = 3,604) ages 12 to 17. Competing models were tested with cohort-sequential latent growth curve modeling to determine whether depressive symptoms at age 12 (baseline) predicted concurrent and age-related changes in delinquent behavior, whether the opposite pattern was apparent (delinquency predicting depression), and whether initial levels of depression predict changes in delinquency significantly better than vice versa.Early depressive symptoms predicted age-related changes in delinquent behavior significantly better than early delinquency predicted changes in depressive symptoms. In addition, the impact of gender on age-related changes in delinquent symptoms was mediated by gender differences in depressive symptom changes, indicating that depressive symptoms are a particularly salient risk factor for delinquent behavior in girls.Early depressive symptoms represent a significant risk factor for later delinquent behavior--especially for girls--and appear to be a better predictor of later delinquency than early delinquency is of later depression. These findings provide support for the acting out theory and contradict failure theory predictions.

SUBMITTER: Kofler MJ

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4490863 | biostudies-literature | 2011 Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Depression and delinquency covariation in an accelerated longitudinal sample of adolescents.

Kofler Michael J MJ McCart Michael R MR Zajac Kristyn K Ruggiero Kenneth J KJ Saunders Benjamin E BE Kilpatrick Dean G DG

Journal of consulting and clinical psychology 20110801 4

<h4>Objectives</h4>The current study tested opposing predictions stemming from the failure and acting out theories of depression-delinquency covariation.<h4>Method</h4>Participants included a nationwide longitudinal sample of adolescents (N = 3,604) ages 12 to 17. Competing models were tested with cohort-sequential latent growth curve modeling to determine whether depressive symptoms at age 12 (baseline) predicted concurrent and age-related changes in delinquent behavior, whether the opposite pa ...[more]

PMID: 21787049

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Project description:BackgroundDepression has been associated with low-grade elevation of plasma cytokines (e.g. interleukin-6, IL-6; tumor necrosis factor alpha, TNFα) in both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies in adults. Preclinical and clinical studies also suggest that IL-6 and TNFα elevation are associated with anhedonia. However, few studies have examined longitudinal relationships between cytokines and depression/anhedonia in clinically depressed samples, particularly adolescents.MethodsThirty-six adolescents with a depressive disorder receiving standard-of-care community treatment were assessed at a baseline and a follow-up timepoint. Self-report and clinical measures of depression and anhedonia, along with plasma IL-6 and TNFα levels, were obtained at both timepoints. Baseline cytokine measures were examined in association with baseline and follow-up clinical measures. On an exploratory basis, change in clinical measures over time was examined in relation to change in cytokine levels over time.ResultsHigher baseline TNFα levels predicted higher follow-up depression severity after approximately four months (controlling for baseline depression). Higher baseline TNFα levels also associated positively with baseline anhedonia and predicted higher anhedonia at follow-up (controlling for baseline anhedonia). No association was found between change in clinical measures and change in cytokine levels over time.ConclusionsAmong adolescents receiving standard-of-care community treatment for depression, higher levels of TNFα predicted greater depressive symptoms at 4-month follow-up, suggesting this cytokine may be used to help identify patients in need of more intensive treatment. Elevated TNFα levels were also associated with concurrent and future anhedonia symptoms, suggesting a specific mechanism in which TNFα affects depression trajectories. Future studies should examine the relationships between cytokine levels and depression/anhedonia symptoms at multiple timepoints in larger cohorts of depressed adolescents.

Project description:Objective: Ongoing studies are focused on adapting transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for the treatment of major depressive disorder in adolescent humans. Most protocols in adolescent humans to date have delivered daily 10 Hz prefrontal stimulation with mixed results. Novel TMS dosing strategies such as accelerated TMS have recently been considered. There are knowledge gaps related to the potential clinical and pragmatic advantages of accelerated TMS. This pilot study compared the behavioral effects of a standard daily and accelerated low-intensity TMS (LI-TMS) protocol in an adolescent murine model of depression. Methods: Male adolescent Sprague Dawley rats were placed in transparent plexiglass tubes for 2.5 hours daily for 13 days as part of a study to validate the chronic restraint stress (CRS) protocol. Rats subsequently received 10 minutes of active or sham 10 Hz LI-TMS daily for 2 weeks (standard) or three times daily for 1 week (accelerated). Behavior was assessed using the elevated plus maze and forced swim test (FST). Hippocampal neurogenesis was assessed by injection of the thymidine analogue 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine at the end of LI-TMS treatment (2 weeks standard, 1 week accelerated), followed by postmortem histological analysis. Results: There were no significant differences in behavioral outcomes among animals receiving once-daily sham or active LI-TMS treatment. However, animals treated with accelerated LI-TMS demonstrated significant improvements in behavioral outcomes compared with sham treatment. Specifically, animals receiving active accelerated treatment showed greater latency to the first immobility behavior (p < 0.05; active: 130 ± 46 seconds; sham: 54 ± 39 seconds) and increased climbing behaviors (p < 0.05; active: 16 ± 5; sham: 9 ± 5) during FST. There were no changes in hippocampal neurogenesis nor any evidence of cell death in histological sections. Conclusions: An accelerated LI-TMS protocol outperformed the standard (once-daily) protocol in adolescent male animals with depression-like behaviors induced by CRS and was not accompanied by any toxicity or tolerability concerns. These preliminary findings support the speculation that novel TMS dosing strategies should be studied in adolescent humans and will inform future clinical protocols.

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Depression and delinquency covariation in an accelerated longitudinal sample of adolescents.

Publications

Depression and delinquency covariation in an accelerated longitudinal sample of adolescents.

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